Above ground tree biomass modeling using machine learning algorithms in western Terai Sal Forest of Nepal

The monitoring of forest biomass is a crucial biophysical parameter in forest ecosystems, as it provides valuable information for managing forests sustainably and tracking carbon circulation statistics. To achieve sustainable forest management, it is essential to monitor and study forest resources, particularly biomass. This study aimed to model above ground tree biomass (AGTB) using Machine Learning Algorithms (MLAs) in the western terai Sal forest of Nepal. AGTB was calculated using a systematic inventory sample plot, while spectral and textural variables were processed and masked for the study area using Sentinel-2A satellite imagery. Three MLAs namely support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and stochastic gradient boosting (SGB), were employed for modeling with eight categorized variable datasets. Among the MLAs, the RF algorithm with a combination of gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and raw bands (RB) dataset variable demonstrated the best performance, with a low RMSE value of 78.81 t ha(−1) in the test data. However, the AGTB range from this model ranged from 118.34 to 425.97 t ha(−1). The study found that traditional indices, raw bands, and GLCM texture from near-infrared were important variables for AGTB. Nevertheless, the RF algorithm and the dataset combination of GLCM plus raw bands (RB) exhibited excellent performance in all model runs. Thus, this pioneering study on comparative MLAs-based AGTB assessment with multiple datasets variables can provide valuable insights for new researchers and the development of novel approaches for biomass/carbon estimation techniques in Nepal.