Multigene testing panels reveal pathogenic variants in sporadic breast cancer patients in northern China

Background: Breast cancer, the most prevalent malignancy in women worldwide, presents diverse onset patterns and genetic backgrounds. This study aims to examine the genetic landscape and clinical implications of rare mutations in Chinese breast cancer patients. Methods: Clinical data from 253 patients, including sporadic and familial cases, were analyzed. Comprehensive genomic profiling was performed, categorizing identified rare variants according to the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines. In silico protein modeling was used to analyze potentially pathogenic variants’ impact on protein structure and function. Results: We detected 421 rare variants across patients. The most frequently mutated genes were ALK (22.2%), BARD1 (15.6%), and BRCA2 (15.0%). ACMG classification identified 7% of patients harboring Pathogenic/Likely Pathogenic (P/LP) variants, with one case displaying a pathogenic BRCA1 mutation linked to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Also identified were two pathogenic MUTYH variants, previously associated with colon cancer but increasingly implicated in breast cancer. Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) were identified in 112 patients, with PTEN c.C804A showing the highest frequency. The role of these variants in sporadic breast cancer oncogenesis was suggested. In-depth exploration of previously unreported variants led to the identification of three potential pathogenic variants: ATM c.C8573T, MSH3 c.A2723T, and CDKN1C c.C221T. Their predicted impact on protein structure and stability suggests a functional role in cancer development. Conclusion: This study reveals a comprehensive overview of the genetic variants landscape in Chinese breast cancer patients, highlighting the prevalence and potential implications of rare variants. We emphasize the value of comprehensive genomic profiling in breast cancer management and the necessity of continuous research into understanding the functional impacts of these variants.