Using Human‐Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Neurons on Microelectrode Arrays to Model Neurological Disease: A Review

In situ physiological signals of in vitro neural disease models are essential for studying pathogenesis and drug screening. Currently, an increasing number of in vitro neural disease models are established using human‐induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) derived neurons (hiPSC‐DNs) to overcome interspecific gene expression differences. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) can be readily interfaced with two‐dimensional (2D), and more recently, three‐dimensional (3D) neural stem cell‐derived in vitro models of the human brain to monitor their physiological activity in real time. Therefore, MEAs are emerging and useful tools to model neurological disorders and disease in vitro using human iPSCs. This is enabling a real‐time window into neuronal signaling at the network scale from patient derived. This paper provides a comprehensive review of MEA's role in analyzing neural disease models established by hiPSC‐DNs. It covers the significance of MEA fabrication, surface structure and modification schemes for hiPSC‐DNs culturing and signal detection. Additionally, this review discusses advances in the development and use of MEA technology to study in vitro neural disease models, including epilepsy, autism spectrum developmental disorder (ASD), and others established using hiPSC‐DNs. The paper also highlights the application of MEAs combined with hiPSC‐DNs in detecting in vitro neurotoxic substances. Finally, the future development and outlook of multifunctional and integrated devices for in vitro medical diagnostics and treatment are discussed.