Cattle Body Detection Based on YOLOv5-EMA for Precision Livestock Farming

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Through cattle body detection technology, breeders can promptly identify health abnormalities in cattle. Key body parts of the cattle reflect diseases to varying degrees. For example, lameness can be determined by observing the legs, and certain viral infections can be identified through an observation of the head. The early detection of these issues allows for timely intervention measures and improves treatment efficiency. It is evident that the precise detection of cattle body parts is essential. In this study, we use a computer-vision-based deep learning technique to detect individual cattle and key body parts, including the legs and head. Our proposed method enhances the accuracy of cattle body detection. ABSTRACT: Accurate cattle body detection is crucial for precision livestock farming. However, traditional cattle body detection methods rely on manual observation, which is both time-consuming and labor-intensive. Moreover, computer-vision-based methods suffer prolonged training times and training difficulties. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel YOLOv5-EMA model for accurate cattle body detection. By incorporating the Efficient Multi-Scale Attention (EMA) module into the backbone of YOLO series detection models, the performance of detecting smaller targets, such as heads and legs, has been significantly improved. The Efficient Multi-Scale Attention (EMA) module utilizes the large receptive fields of parallel sub-networks to gather multi-scale spatial information and establishes mutual dependencies between different spatial positions, enabling cross-spatial learning. This enhancement empowers the model to gather and integrate more comprehensive feature information, thereby improving the effectiveness of cattle body detection. The experimental results confirm the good performance of the YOLOv5-EMA model, showcasing promising results across all quantitative evaluation metrics, qualitative detection findings, and visualized Grad-CAM heatmaps. To be specific, the YOLOv5-EMA model achieves an average precision (mAP@0.5) of 95.1% in cattle body detection, 94.8% in individual cattle detection, 94.8% in leg detection, and 95.5% in head detection. Moreover, this model facilitates the efficient and precise detection of individual cattle and essential body parts in complex scenarios, especially when dealing with small targets and occlusions, significantly advancing the field of precision livestock farming.