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The Evolution of Psychological Distress Levels in University Students in Spain during Different Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk and Protective Factors
The present study assesses the evolution of stressful events and psychological distress in male and female students over three different time periods of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: the initial “lockdown”, with no face-to-face teaching; the “new normality” period, when classes were resumed; and t...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10670007/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37998070 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13110180 |
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author | Matud, María Pilar Zueco, Jesús Del Pino-Espejo, Maria José Fortes, Demelsa Beleña, María Ángeles Santos, Cristina Díaz, Amelia |
author_facet | Matud, María Pilar Zueco, Jesús Del Pino-Espejo, Maria José Fortes, Demelsa Beleña, María Ángeles Santos, Cristina Díaz, Amelia |
author_sort | Matud, María Pilar |
collection | PubMed |
description | The present study assesses the evolution of stressful events and psychological distress in male and female students over three different time periods of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: the initial “lockdown”, with no face-to-face teaching; the “new normality” period, when classes were resumed; and two years after the first wave of the pandemic. The participants were 1200 Spanish university students who were assessed for psychological distress, COVID-19-associated stressful events, social support, and self-esteem. Female students reported more stressful events and higher levels of psychological distress than male students during the “lockdown” and “new normality” time periods of the first wave of the pandemic. However, these differences disappeared in the third period tested, two years after the first wave of the pandemic, with female and male students showing no differences in psychological distress or in the number of stressful events. The main risk predictors of psychological distress during the first wave of the pandemic were lower self-esteem and having suffered a high number of stressful events. The last variable, number of stressful events associated with COVID-19, lost most its effect two years later, when only self-esteem presented a strong and highly significant predictive role. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10670007 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-106700072023-11-09 The Evolution of Psychological Distress Levels in University Students in Spain during Different Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk and Protective Factors Matud, María Pilar Zueco, Jesús Del Pino-Espejo, Maria José Fortes, Demelsa Beleña, María Ángeles Santos, Cristina Díaz, Amelia Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ Article The present study assesses the evolution of stressful events and psychological distress in male and female students over three different time periods of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: the initial “lockdown”, with no face-to-face teaching; the “new normality” period, when classes were resumed; and two years after the first wave of the pandemic. The participants were 1200 Spanish university students who were assessed for psychological distress, COVID-19-associated stressful events, social support, and self-esteem. Female students reported more stressful events and higher levels of psychological distress than male students during the “lockdown” and “new normality” time periods of the first wave of the pandemic. However, these differences disappeared in the third period tested, two years after the first wave of the pandemic, with female and male students showing no differences in psychological distress or in the number of stressful events. The main risk predictors of psychological distress during the first wave of the pandemic were lower self-esteem and having suffered a high number of stressful events. The last variable, number of stressful events associated with COVID-19, lost most its effect two years later, when only self-esteem presented a strong and highly significant predictive role. MDPI 2023-11-09 /pmc/articles/PMC10670007/ /pubmed/37998070 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13110180 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Matud, María Pilar Zueco, Jesús Del Pino-Espejo, Maria José Fortes, Demelsa Beleña, María Ángeles Santos, Cristina Díaz, Amelia The Evolution of Psychological Distress Levels in University Students in Spain during Different Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk and Protective Factors |
title | The Evolution of Psychological Distress Levels in University Students in Spain during Different Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk and Protective Factors |
title_full | The Evolution of Psychological Distress Levels in University Students in Spain during Different Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk and Protective Factors |
title_fullStr | The Evolution of Psychological Distress Levels in University Students in Spain during Different Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk and Protective Factors |
title_full_unstemmed | The Evolution of Psychological Distress Levels in University Students in Spain during Different Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk and Protective Factors |
title_short | The Evolution of Psychological Distress Levels in University Students in Spain during Different Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk and Protective Factors |
title_sort | evolution of psychological distress levels in university students in spain during different stages of the covid-19 pandemic: risk and protective factors |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10670007/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37998070 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13110180 |
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