Work Fluctuations in Ergotropic Heat Engines

We study the work fluctuations in ergotropic heat engines, namely two-stroke quantum Otto engines where the work stroke is designed to extract the ergotropy (the maximum amount of work by a cyclic unitary evolution) from a couple of quantum systems at canonical equilibrium at two different temperatures, whereas the heat stroke thermalizes back the systems to their respective reservoirs. We provide an exhaustive study for the case of two qutrits whose energy levels are equally spaced at two different frequencies by deriving the complete work statistics. By varying the values of temperatures and frequencies, only three kinds of optimal unitary strokes are found: the swap operator [Formula: see text] , an idle swap [Formula: see text] (where one of the qutrits is regarded as an effective qubit), and a non-trivial permutation of energy eigenstates [Formula: see text] , which indeed corresponds to the composition of the two previous unitaries, namely [Formula: see text]. While [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are Hermitian (and hence involutions), [Formula: see text] is not. This point has an impact on the thermodynamic uncertainty relations (TURs), which bound the signal-to-noise ratio of the extracted work in terms of the entropy production. In fact, we show that all TURs derived from a strong detailed fluctuation theorem are violated by the transformation [Formula: see text].