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Immune Status of Individuals with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) have higher infection rates compared to those without SCI. In this review, the immune status difference between individuals with and without traumatic SCI is investigated by examining their peripheral immune cells and markers. PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, and O...

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Autores principales: Valido, Ezra, Boehl, Gabriela, Krebs, Jörg, Pannek, Jürgen, Stojic, Stevan, Atanasov, Atanas G., Glisic, Marija, Stoyanov, Jivko
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10670917/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38003575
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216385
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author Valido, Ezra
Boehl, Gabriela
Krebs, Jörg
Pannek, Jürgen
Stojic, Stevan
Atanasov, Atanas G.
Glisic, Marija
Stoyanov, Jivko
author_facet Valido, Ezra
Boehl, Gabriela
Krebs, Jörg
Pannek, Jürgen
Stojic, Stevan
Atanasov, Atanas G.
Glisic, Marija
Stoyanov, Jivko
author_sort Valido, Ezra
collection PubMed
description Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) have higher infection rates compared to those without SCI. In this review, the immune status difference between individuals with and without traumatic SCI is investigated by examining their peripheral immune cells and markers. PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Ovid MEDLINE were searched without language or date restrictions. Studies reporting peripheral immune markers’ concentration and changes in functional capabilities of immune cells that compared individuals with and without SCI were included. Studies with participants with active infection, immune disease, and central nervous system (CNS) immune markers were excluded. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Effect estimates were measured by Weighted Mean Difference (WMD) using a random-effects model. Study quality was assessed using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tool. Fifty-four studies (1813 with SCI and 1378 without SCI) contributed to the meta-analysis. Leukocytes (n = 23, WMD 0.78, 95% CI 0.17; 1.38, I(2) 83%), neutrophils (n = 11, WMD 0.76, 95% CI 0.09; 1.42, I(2) 89%), C-reactive protein (CRP) (n = 12, WMD 2.25, 95% CI 1.14; 3.56, I(2) 95%), and IL6 (n = 13, WMD 2.33, 95% CI 1.20; 3.49, I(2) 97%) were higher in individuals with SCI vs. without SCI. Clinical factors (phase of injury, completeness of injury, sympathetic innervation impairment, age, sex) and study-related factors (sample size, study design, and serum vs. plasma) partially explained heterogeneity. Immune cells exhibited lower functional capability in individuals with SCI vs. those without SCI. Most studies (75.6%) had a moderate risk of bias. The immune status of individuals with SCI differs from those without SCI and is clinically influenced by the phase of injury, completeness of injury, sympathetic innervation impairment, age, and sex. These results provide information that is vital for monitoring and management strategies to effectively improve the immune status of individuals with SCI.
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spelling pubmed-106709172023-11-16 Immune Status of Individuals with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Valido, Ezra Boehl, Gabriela Krebs, Jörg Pannek, Jürgen Stojic, Stevan Atanasov, Atanas G. Glisic, Marija Stoyanov, Jivko Int J Mol Sci Review Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) have higher infection rates compared to those without SCI. In this review, the immune status difference between individuals with and without traumatic SCI is investigated by examining their peripheral immune cells and markers. PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Ovid MEDLINE were searched without language or date restrictions. Studies reporting peripheral immune markers’ concentration and changes in functional capabilities of immune cells that compared individuals with and without SCI were included. Studies with participants with active infection, immune disease, and central nervous system (CNS) immune markers were excluded. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Effect estimates were measured by Weighted Mean Difference (WMD) using a random-effects model. Study quality was assessed using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tool. Fifty-four studies (1813 with SCI and 1378 without SCI) contributed to the meta-analysis. Leukocytes (n = 23, WMD 0.78, 95% CI 0.17; 1.38, I(2) 83%), neutrophils (n = 11, WMD 0.76, 95% CI 0.09; 1.42, I(2) 89%), C-reactive protein (CRP) (n = 12, WMD 2.25, 95% CI 1.14; 3.56, I(2) 95%), and IL6 (n = 13, WMD 2.33, 95% CI 1.20; 3.49, I(2) 97%) were higher in individuals with SCI vs. without SCI. Clinical factors (phase of injury, completeness of injury, sympathetic innervation impairment, age, sex) and study-related factors (sample size, study design, and serum vs. plasma) partially explained heterogeneity. Immune cells exhibited lower functional capability in individuals with SCI vs. those without SCI. Most studies (75.6%) had a moderate risk of bias. The immune status of individuals with SCI differs from those without SCI and is clinically influenced by the phase of injury, completeness of injury, sympathetic innervation impairment, age, and sex. These results provide information that is vital for monitoring and management strategies to effectively improve the immune status of individuals with SCI. MDPI 2023-11-16 /pmc/articles/PMC10670917/ /pubmed/38003575 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216385 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Valido, Ezra
Boehl, Gabriela
Krebs, Jörg
Pannek, Jürgen
Stojic, Stevan
Atanasov, Atanas G.
Glisic, Marija
Stoyanov, Jivko
Immune Status of Individuals with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title Immune Status of Individuals with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_full Immune Status of Individuals with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_fullStr Immune Status of Individuals with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_full_unstemmed Immune Status of Individuals with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_short Immune Status of Individuals with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
title_sort immune status of individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10670917/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38003575
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216385
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