Influence of Nutritional Status and Physical Fitness on Cognitive Domains among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The health issues presented by the aging population can result in reduced muscle mass, poorer physical function, and cognitive impairment. The goal of this study was to determine how nutritional status and physical fitness relate to cognitive impairment in older adults. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study involving 100 participants was carried out to analyze the impact of nutritional status and physical fitness on cognitive impairment. Nutritional status was assessed with the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) and The Mini Nutritional Assessment—Short Form (MNA-SF); physical fitness via the implementation of manual grip evaluation, the 4-m walking test (4-MWT), and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test; and cognitive impairment evaluation was conducted using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Boston Naming Test (BNT) and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT). Results: Data analysis revealed that higher malnutrition status was associated with fewer correct responses in the COWAT (R(2) = 0.421), while a correlation between higher MMSE and BNT scores, faster completion times for the 4-m walking and TUG tests, and an increase in handgrip strength load was also observed. Conclusion: The analysis of the data revealed that those individuals with superior nutritional status and greater levels of physical fitness outperformed others on the cognitive evaluation.