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Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for more than 75% of primary liver cancers, which are the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The GALAD (gender, age, AFP-L3, AFP, and des-carboxy-prothrombin) score is a diagnostic tool developed based on gender, age, alpha-fetoprotein,...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10671761/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38003675 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216485 |
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author | Cagnin, Silvia Donghia, Rossella Martini, Andrea Pesole, Pasqua Letizia Coletta, Sergio Shahini, Endrit Boninsegna, Giulia Biasiolo, Alessandra Pontisso, Patrizia Giannelli, Gianluigi |
author_facet | Cagnin, Silvia Donghia, Rossella Martini, Andrea Pesole, Pasqua Letizia Coletta, Sergio Shahini, Endrit Boninsegna, Giulia Biasiolo, Alessandra Pontisso, Patrizia Giannelli, Gianluigi |
author_sort | Cagnin, Silvia |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for more than 75% of primary liver cancers, which are the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The GALAD (gender, age, AFP-L3, AFP, and des-carboxy-prothrombin) score is a diagnostic tool developed based on gender, age, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoprotein L3, and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, originally designed as a diagnostic tool for HCC in high-risk patients. Methods: We analyzed 212 patients with and without cirrhosis. The population study was divided into patients with liver cirrhosis without evidence of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination and patients with liver cirrhosis and a confirmed diagnosis of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination. Patients were followed up until death or liver transplantation. The association between variables and HCC mortality risk was performed, and the results were presented as hazard ratio (HR). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of the GALAD HCC diagnosis. The survival probability was explored using the non-parametric test, and the equality of survival amongst categories was assessed with the log-rank test. Results: Biomarkers were higher in the HCC group compared to cirrhosis. Kaplan–Meier survival probability analysis for individual GALAD categories revealed that a high GALAD level was associated with decreased survival during follow-up, and the difference between the curves was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the GALAD score has promise as a prognostic tool, with implications for improving patient management and treatment strategies for HCC. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10671761 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-106717612023-11-18 Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cagnin, Silvia Donghia, Rossella Martini, Andrea Pesole, Pasqua Letizia Coletta, Sergio Shahini, Endrit Boninsegna, Giulia Biasiolo, Alessandra Pontisso, Patrizia Giannelli, Gianluigi Int J Mol Sci Article Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for more than 75% of primary liver cancers, which are the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The GALAD (gender, age, AFP-L3, AFP, and des-carboxy-prothrombin) score is a diagnostic tool developed based on gender, age, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoprotein L3, and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, originally designed as a diagnostic tool for HCC in high-risk patients. Methods: We analyzed 212 patients with and without cirrhosis. The population study was divided into patients with liver cirrhosis without evidence of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination and patients with liver cirrhosis and a confirmed diagnosis of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination. Patients were followed up until death or liver transplantation. The association between variables and HCC mortality risk was performed, and the results were presented as hazard ratio (HR). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of the GALAD HCC diagnosis. The survival probability was explored using the non-parametric test, and the equality of survival amongst categories was assessed with the log-rank test. Results: Biomarkers were higher in the HCC group compared to cirrhosis. Kaplan–Meier survival probability analysis for individual GALAD categories revealed that a high GALAD level was associated with decreased survival during follow-up, and the difference between the curves was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the GALAD score has promise as a prognostic tool, with implications for improving patient management and treatment strategies for HCC. MDPI 2023-11-18 /pmc/articles/PMC10671761/ /pubmed/38003675 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216485 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Cagnin, Silvia Donghia, Rossella Martini, Andrea Pesole, Pasqua Letizia Coletta, Sergio Shahini, Endrit Boninsegna, Giulia Biasiolo, Alessandra Pontisso, Patrizia Giannelli, Gianluigi Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title | Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_full | Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_fullStr | Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_full_unstemmed | Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_short | Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
title_sort | galad score as a prognostic marker for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10671761/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38003675 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216485 |
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