Evaluation of the Neutralizing Antibody STE90-C11 against SARS-CoV-2 Delta Infection and Its Recognition of Other Variants of Concerns

As of now, the COVID-19 pandemic has spread to over 770 million confirmed cases and caused approximately 7 million deaths. While several vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been developed and deployed, natural selection against immune recognition of viral antigens by antibodies has fueled the evolution of new emerging variants and limited the immune protection by vaccines and mAb. To optimize the efficiency of mAb, it is imperative to understand how they neutralize the variants of concern (VoCs) and to investigate the mutations responsible for immune escape. In this study, we show the in vitro neutralizing effects of a previously described monoclonal antibody (STE90-C11) against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) and its in vivo effects in therapeutic and prophylactic settings. We also show that the Omicron variant avoids recognition by this mAb. To define which mutations are responsible for the escape in the Omicron variant, we used a library of pseudovirus mutants carrying each of the mutations present in the Omicron VoC individually. We show that either 501Y or 417K point mutations were sufficient for the escape of Omicron recognition by STE90-C11. To test how escape mutations act against a combination of antibodies, we tested the same library against bispecific antibodies, recognizing two discrete regions of the spike antigen. While Omicron escaped the control by the bispecific antibodies, the same antibodies controlled all mutants with individual mutations.