Through the Smoke: An In-Depth Review on Cigarette Smoking and Its Impact on Ocular Health

Smoking is a widespread and pervasive habit, impacting health across various care settings, including acute care, subacute care, home-based care, and long-term care. Smoking is a serious global public health concern that has been related to many chronic diseases. However, the effect of smoking on eye disorders has been less studied. Cigarette smoke contains a complex mixture of harmful constituents, including nicotine and toxic chemicals, which permeate the bloodstream, affecting ocular tissues. The oxidative stress and inflammation induced by smoking are central to its detrimental effects on ocular health. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss, exhibits a strong association with smoking. Research consistently demonstrates that smokers face a heightened risk of both early and advanced AMD. Cataracts, another prevalent ocular condition, develop earlier and progress more rapidly in smokers. The oxidative stress on the lens and reduced antioxidants among smokers contribute to the increased severity of cataracts. Moreover, the health of the eyes may be compromised by smoking-related chemicals that reduce blood flow and/or hasten thrombus formation in ocular capillaries thus increasing the chance of acquiring glaucoma, cataracts, AMD, and Graves' eye disease. Beyond individual health concerns, the societal implications of smoking on ocular health are substantial, including increased healthcare costs and diminished quality of life for affected individuals. Understanding the underlying mechanisms can provide insights into potential therapeutic interventions for preventing and managing smoking-related ocular damage. Given the global prevalence of smoking, raising awareness about the ocular risks associated with smoking is crucial for promoting eye health. The review underscores the urgent need for comprehensive anti-smoking initiatives and smoking cessation programs to alleviate the burden of ocular diseases associated with smoking.