Cell death induction and intracellular vesicle formation in human colorectal cancer cells treated with Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol

BACKGROUND: Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC) is a principal psychoactive extract of Cannabis sativa and has been traditionally used as palliative medicine for neuropathic pain. Cannabidiol (CBD), an extract of hemp species, has recently attracted increased attention as a cancer treatment, but Δ(9)-THC is also requiring explored pharmacological application. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the pharmacological effects of Δ(9)-THC in two human colorectal cancer cell lines. We investigated whether Δ(9)-THC treatment induces cell death in human colorectal cancer cells. METHODS: We performed an MTT assay to determine the pharmacological concentration of Δ(9)-THC. Annxein V and Western blot analysis confirmed that Δ(9)-THC induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Metabolic activity was evaluated using MitoTracker staining and ATP determination. We investigated vesicle formation by Δ(9)-THC treatment using GW9662, known as a PPARγ inhibitor. RESULTS: The MTT assay showed that treatment with 40 μM Δ(9)-THC and above inhibited the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. Multiple intracytoplasmic vesicles were detected upon microscopic observation, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis showed cell death via G1 arrest. Δ(9)-THC treatment increased the expression of cell death marker proteins, including p53, cleaved PARP-1, RIP1, and RIP3, suggesting that Δ(9)-THC induced the death of colorectal cancer cells. Δ(9)-THC treatment also reduced ATP production via changes in Bax and Bcl-2. Δ(9)-THC regulated intracytoplasmic vesicle formation by modulating the expression of PPARγ and clathrin, adding that antiproliferative activity of Δ(9)-THC was also affected. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, Δ(9)-THC regulated two functional mechanisms, intracellular vesicle formation and cell death. These findings can help to determine how cannabinoids can be used most effectively to improve the efficacy of cancer treatment. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13258-023-01466-7.