Actinomycosis of the sole of the foot (Madura foot): A rare case report and literature review

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Actinomycosis of the foot is a rare, chronic, granulomatous infectious ailment affecting the skin, dermis, and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by a fungal or actinomycotic agent, resulting in a pseudotumoral appearance. This pathology typically progresses slowly, leading to delayed diagnosis. The primary objective of this report is to emphasize the rarity and clinical significance of this highly uncommon medical condition. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 45-year-old woman with a mass on the sole of her right foot. The condition was treated through excisional biopsy along with combined antibiotic therapy. Histopathology of the excised mass confirmed the presence of actinomycosis, ultimately confirming the diagnosis. The patient's progress was satisfactory, with no recurrence observed over a 2-year follow-up period. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Actinomycosis of the foot is a common pathology in tropical and subtropical regions where climatic conditions promote its emergence. It is a chronic, granulomatous infection of exogenous origin, caused by either fungal (eumycetoma) or bacterial (actinomycetoma) agents. When left unrecognized, these infections can lead to complications, including osteoarticular lesions, with a severe impact on the functional prognosis. The presence of foot swelling should raise suspicion of mycetoma as a diagnosis, with confirmation relying on histological analysis. Management typically involves the aggressive control of invasive soft-tissue masses, often followed by prolonged antibiotic treatment. Skin grafting is a standard method for closing Madura foot defects, and continuous surveillance is necessary due to the potential for actinomycosis recurrence. CONCLUSION: In the context of Morocco, actinomycosis of the foot remains sporadic. Identifying these conditions presents significant diagnostic challenges, leading to unfortunate treatment delays. These largely unrecognized conditions have the potential to become more complex by causing osteoarticular damage and lesions, ultimately worsening the functional outlook. Early vigilance is advisable upon observing foot swelling, considering the possibility of actinomycosis of the foot. A definitive diagnosis requires histological analysis, a critical step.