PEP-Patch: Electrostatics in Protein–Protein Recognition, Specificity, and Antibody Developability

[Image: see text] The electrostatic properties of proteins arise from the number and distribution of polar and charged residues. Electrostatic interactions in proteins play a critical role in numerous processes such as molecular recognition, protein solubility, viscosity, and antibody developability. Thus, characterizing and quantifying electrostatic properties of a protein are prerequisites for understanding these processes. Here, we present PEP-Patch, a tool to visualize and quantify the electrostatic potential on the protein surface in terms of surface patches, denoting separated areas of the surface with a common physical property. We highlight its applicability to elucidate protease substrate specificity and antibody–antigen recognition and predict heparin column retention times of antibodies as an indicator of pharmacokinetics.