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Spatial variation and determinants of solid fuel use in Ethiopia; Mixed effect and spatial analysis using 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey dataset

BACKGROUND: According to UNSD, World Bank, and WHO, a 2020 joint report, 3 billion people who used solid fuel were found in low and middle-income countries. The burning of such type of fuel emits a variety of pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2, organic compounds, and other substances which a ha...

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Autores principales: Azanaw, Jember, Sisay Chanie, Gashaw
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10688864/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38033018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294841
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author Azanaw, Jember
Sisay Chanie, Gashaw
author_facet Azanaw, Jember
Sisay Chanie, Gashaw
author_sort Azanaw, Jember
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: According to UNSD, World Bank, and WHO, a 2020 joint report, 3 billion people who used solid fuel were found in low and middle-income countries. The burning of such type of fuel emits a variety of pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2, organic compounds, and other substances which a had wide range of public health problems The evidence from the WHO report, indoor air pollution was attributed to around 3.2 million deaths each year in 2020, and more than 237 000 deaths of children under the age of five. This study aims to investigate solid fuel prevalence, predictors, and spatial variation in Ethiopia. METHOD: This study was conducted in Ethiopia based on the fifth Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys 2019 dataset. 8,663 households were successfully interviewed at a response rate of 99%. Weighted by sampling weight was done to do a reliable statistical analysis. Fuel type was used as the outcome variable whereas sex of household head (male or female), wealth index (poor, middle, and rich), educational status (no education, primary, secondary, higher), having television and radio, a separate room used as a kitchen, were individual predictor variables and community level education(lower/higher), residence(urban/rural), community level media exposure (exposed/unexposed), region (pastoralist, semi-pastoralist, Agrarian, and City administration) were community level variables. All the above analyses were conducted using Excel Microsoft 2016, STATA 14, ArcGIS 10.7, and SaTScan 10.1 software. RESULTS: The majority (72.62%) of household heads were males. The overall national level of solid fuel use was 87.13% (95% CI (86.4%-87.82%)). From this 87.13% of solid fuel use, 18.60% accounts for urban and 68.53% for rural parts of the country. Educational status, having television, accessing electricity, and wealth index were individual-level variables community-level education, type of residence, and region were community-level variables significantly associated factors towards solid fuel use in our study. Global (z-score = 33.109144, P-value <0.0001), local (hot spot, cluster, and outlier), and Spatial Scan statistical analyses revealed that there was a major geographical variation in solid fuel use across Ethiopia. CONCLUSION: Based on this finding, the prevalence of solid fuel use was higher in Ethiopia. Educational status, having television, accessing electricity, and wealth index were individual-level variables and community-level education, type of residence, and region were community-level variables statistically significant factors in determining fuel choice for cooking. There was significant spatial variation in the prevalence of solid-fuel use across the country. In order to addressing such heavily dependent on solid fuel use, responsible bodies like health policy makers, national and international organizations, and public health researchers should work on showing health problems of solid fuel use and the means of increasing clean fuel use. Substantial policy modifications are desirable to reach access to clean fuels and technologies (SDG 7.1.2) by 2030 to address health inequities.
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spelling pubmed-106888642023-12-01 Spatial variation and determinants of solid fuel use in Ethiopia; Mixed effect and spatial analysis using 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey dataset Azanaw, Jember Sisay Chanie, Gashaw PLoS One Research Article BACKGROUND: According to UNSD, World Bank, and WHO, a 2020 joint report, 3 billion people who used solid fuel were found in low and middle-income countries. The burning of such type of fuel emits a variety of pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2, organic compounds, and other substances which a had wide range of public health problems The evidence from the WHO report, indoor air pollution was attributed to around 3.2 million deaths each year in 2020, and more than 237 000 deaths of children under the age of five. This study aims to investigate solid fuel prevalence, predictors, and spatial variation in Ethiopia. METHOD: This study was conducted in Ethiopia based on the fifth Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys 2019 dataset. 8,663 households were successfully interviewed at a response rate of 99%. Weighted by sampling weight was done to do a reliable statistical analysis. Fuel type was used as the outcome variable whereas sex of household head (male or female), wealth index (poor, middle, and rich), educational status (no education, primary, secondary, higher), having television and radio, a separate room used as a kitchen, were individual predictor variables and community level education(lower/higher), residence(urban/rural), community level media exposure (exposed/unexposed), region (pastoralist, semi-pastoralist, Agrarian, and City administration) were community level variables. All the above analyses were conducted using Excel Microsoft 2016, STATA 14, ArcGIS 10.7, and SaTScan 10.1 software. RESULTS: The majority (72.62%) of household heads were males. The overall national level of solid fuel use was 87.13% (95% CI (86.4%-87.82%)). From this 87.13% of solid fuel use, 18.60% accounts for urban and 68.53% for rural parts of the country. Educational status, having television, accessing electricity, and wealth index were individual-level variables community-level education, type of residence, and region were community-level variables significantly associated factors towards solid fuel use in our study. Global (z-score = 33.109144, P-value <0.0001), local (hot spot, cluster, and outlier), and Spatial Scan statistical analyses revealed that there was a major geographical variation in solid fuel use across Ethiopia. CONCLUSION: Based on this finding, the prevalence of solid fuel use was higher in Ethiopia. Educational status, having television, accessing electricity, and wealth index were individual-level variables and community-level education, type of residence, and region were community-level variables statistically significant factors in determining fuel choice for cooking. There was significant spatial variation in the prevalence of solid-fuel use across the country. In order to addressing such heavily dependent on solid fuel use, responsible bodies like health policy makers, national and international organizations, and public health researchers should work on showing health problems of solid fuel use and the means of increasing clean fuel use. Substantial policy modifications are desirable to reach access to clean fuels and technologies (SDG 7.1.2) by 2030 to address health inequities. Public Library of Science 2023-11-30 /pmc/articles/PMC10688864/ /pubmed/38033018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294841 Text en © 2023 Azanaw, Sisay Chanie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Azanaw, Jember
Sisay Chanie, Gashaw
Spatial variation and determinants of solid fuel use in Ethiopia; Mixed effect and spatial analysis using 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey dataset
title Spatial variation and determinants of solid fuel use in Ethiopia; Mixed effect and spatial analysis using 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey dataset
title_full Spatial variation and determinants of solid fuel use in Ethiopia; Mixed effect and spatial analysis using 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey dataset
title_fullStr Spatial variation and determinants of solid fuel use in Ethiopia; Mixed effect and spatial analysis using 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey dataset
title_full_unstemmed Spatial variation and determinants of solid fuel use in Ethiopia; Mixed effect and spatial analysis using 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey dataset
title_short Spatial variation and determinants of solid fuel use in Ethiopia; Mixed effect and spatial analysis using 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey dataset
title_sort spatial variation and determinants of solid fuel use in ethiopia; mixed effect and spatial analysis using 2019 ethiopia mini demographic and health survey dataset
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10688864/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38033018
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294841
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