Economic Evaluation of Exercise or Cognitive and Social Enrichment Activities for Improved Cognition After Stroke

IMPORTANCE: Cognitive impairment is prevalent in survivors of stroke, affecting approximately 30% of individuals. Physical exercise and cognitive and social enrichment activities can enhance cognitive function in patients with chronic stroke, but their cost-effectiveness compared with a balance and tone program is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis of multicomponent exercise or cognitive and social enrichment activities compared with a balance and tone program. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This economic evaluation used a Canadian health care systems perspective and the Vitality study, a randomized clinical trial aimed at improving cognition after stroke with a 6-month intervention and a subsequent 6-month follow-up (ie, 12 months). The economic evaluation covered the duration of the Vitality trial, between June 6, 2014, and February 26, 2019. Participants were community-dwelling adults aged 55 years and older who experienced a stroke at least 12 months prior to study enrollment in the Vancouver metropolitan area, British Columbia, Canada. Data were analyzed from June 1, 2022, to March 31, 2023. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomly assigned to twice-weekly classes for 1 of the 3 groups: multicomponent exercise program, cognitive and social enrichment activities program, or a balance and tone program (control). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary measures for the economic evaluation included cost-effectiveness (incremental costs per mean change in cognitive function, evaluated using the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive-Plus), cost-utility (incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained), intervention costs, and health care costs. Since cognitive benefits 6 months after intervention cessation were not observed in the primary randomized clinical trial, an economic evaluation at 12 months was not performed. RESULTS: Among 120 participants (mean [SD] age, 71 [9] years; 74 [62%] male), 34 were randomized to the multicomponent exercise program, 34 were randomized to the social and cognitive enrichment activities program, and 52 were randomized to the balance and tone control program. At the end of the 6-month intervention, the cost per mean change in Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive-Plus score demonstrated that exercise was more effective and costlier compared with the control group in terms of cognitive improvement with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of CAD −$8823. The cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained for both interventions was negligible, with exercise less costly (mean [SD] incremental cost, CAD −$32 [$258]) and cognitive and social enrichment more costly than the control group (mean [SD] incremental cost, CAD $1018 [$378]). The balance and tone program had the lowest delivery cost (CAD $777), and the exercise group had the lowest health care resource utilization (mean [SD] $1261 [$1188]) per person. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The findings of this economic evaluation suggest that exercise demonstrated potential for cost-effectiveness to improve cognitive function in older adults with chronic stroke during a 6-month intervention.