Techno-economic analysis and environmental impact assessment of biodiesel production from bio-oil derived from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pine sawdust

Pyrolysis stands out as a highly promising technology for converting biomass. Upgrading the bio-oil to meet the requirements for fuelling internal combustion engines is indispensable. This study evaluates the economic viability of microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) of pine sawdust, followed by bio-oil esterification for the production of biodiesel. Aspen Plus® was used to simulate a facility that processed 2000 metric tonnes of pine sawdust per day. The minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of biodiesel was established through the use of a discounted cash flow analysis. A life cycle assessment approach was used to evaluate the environmental impact assessment of biodiesel production. Process modelling findings revealed that the pyrolysis section yielded 65.8 wt% bio-oil, 8.9 wt% biochar, and 25.3 wt% NCGs. The biodiesel product yield was 48 wt% of the raw bio-oil, yielding 631.7 tonnes per day of biodiesel. With the cost of methanol playing a significant role, the overall capital investment was $286.1 MM and the total yearly operating expenses were $164.9 MM. The predicted MFSP for biodiesel is $2.31/L, with yearly operational expenses and biodiesel output being the most important factors. The emission from the biodiesel production process resulted in a global warming potential of 70.97 kg CO(2eq). With an anticipated MFSP that is competitive with traditional diesel fuel, the study concludes that the method is economically viable. The results underline how crucial it is to optimize crucial process variables in order to increase the process's economic viability.