Complication Rates and Survival of Nonagenarians after Hip Hemiarthroplasty versus Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation for Intertrochanteric Fractures: A 15‐Year Retrospective Cohort Study of 113 Cases

OBJECTIVE: Intertrochanteric fracture is a very common but serious type of hip fracture in nonagenarians. The surgical treatment remains a significant challenge for orthopedists. The objective of this study was to investigate postoperative complications and survival outcomes compared between bipolar hemiarthroplasty (HA) and proximal femoral nail anti‐rotation (PFNA) in nonagenarians with intertrochanteric fractures, and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the two surgical procedures in this patient population. METHODS: A total of 113 consecutive nonagenarians who underwent bipolar HA or PFNA for the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures from January 2006 to August 2021 were retrospectively studied in the current paper. There were 34 males and 79 females, with a mean age of 92.2 years (range 90–101 years) at the time of operation. The average duration of follow‐up was 29.7 months (range 1–120 months). The full cohort was divided into bipolar HA (77 cases) and PFNA (36 cases) groups. Damage control orthopedics was used to determine the optimal surgery time and assist in perioperative management. A restrictive blood transfusion strategy was employed, along with appropriate adjustments under multidisciplinary assessment, throughout the perioperative period. Perioperative clinical information and prognostic data were analyzed. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used for survival analysis, and landmark analysis divided the entire follow‐up period into 1–12 months (short‐term), 13–42 months (medium‐term) and 43–120 months (long‐term) according to the configurations of Kaplan–Meier survival curves. RESULTS: Both groups had similar general variables except for the proportion of high adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (aCCI) (≥6 points) (6.5% in bipolar HA group and 22.2% in PFNA group, p = 0.024). Intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements were greater, and the intraoperative transfusion rates were higher in the bipolar HA group compared to the PFNA group (all p < 0.05). The complications rates, 1‐ to 60‐month cumulative all‐cause mortality, postoperative optimal Harris hip score (HHS), and Barthel index (BI) presented no significant difference between the two groups (all p > 0.05). Both groups had similar overall survival curves (p = 0.37). However, landmark analysis revealed that bipolar HA group exhibited higher survival rates in medium‐term (p = 0.01), while similar survival rates were observed in the short‐ and long‐term post‐operation periods (both p > 0.05). Cox regression with survival‐time‐dependent covariate calculated the hazard ratio (HR) of bipolar HA was 0.41 in medium‐term (p = 0.039). CONCLUSION: Bipolar HA is equally effective and reliable as PFNA for treating intertrochanteric fractures in nonagenarians. Despite resulting in more intraoperative blood loss and transfusions, bipolar HA therapy is associated with a higher medium‐term survival rate compared to PFNA treatment. The application of damage control orthopedics and precise perioperative patient blood management could contribute to the positive clinical outcomes observed in this patient population.