Genome-wide association study (GWAS) with high-throughput SNP chip DNA markers identified novel genetic factors for mesocotyl elongation and seedling emergence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using multiple GAPIT models

This study employed a joint strategy high-density SNP Chip DNA markers and multiple Genome Association and Prediction Integrated Tool (GAPIT) models [(Bayesian-information and Linkage-disequilibrium Iteratively Nested Keyway (BLINK), Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Uniform (FarmCPU), General Linear Model (GLM), and Settlement of Mixed Linear Model (MLM) Under Progressively Exclusive Relationship (SUPER)], to investigate novel genetic factors controlling mesocotyl elongation and seedling emergence for direct-seeded rice. Genotype data (230,526 SNP Chip DNA makers) of 117 doubled haploid lines (derived from a cross between 93–11 (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) and Milyang352 (O. sativa L. ssp. japonica) were used to perform a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). Results revealed the association between five (5) topmost significant SNP markers, of which number two [AX-155741269, Chr2: 15422406 bp, and AX-155200917, Chr7: 23814085 bp, explaining 37.5% and 13.8% of the phenotypic variance explained (PVE)] are linked to the mesocotyl elongation loci, while three (AX-282097034 and AX-283652873, Chr9: 9882817 bp and 1023383 bp, PVE 64.5%, and 20.2%, respectively, and AX-154356231, Chr1: 17413989 bp, PVE 21.1%) are tightly linked to the loci controlling seedling emergence. The qMEL2-1 and qSEM9-1 are identified as major QTLs explaining 37.5% and 64.5% of the PVE for mesocotyl elongation and seedling emergence, respectively. The AX-282097034 (Chr9: 9882817 bp) was co-detected by four GAPIT models (BLINK, FarmCPU, SUPER, and GLM), while AX-155741269 was co-detected by BLINK and SUPER. Furthermore, a high estimated heritability (Mesocotyl elongation: h(2) = 0.955; seedling emergence: h(2) = 0.863; shoot length: h(2) = 0.707) was observed. Genes harbored by qMEL2-1 and qSEM9-1 have interesting annotated molecular functions that could be investigated through functional studies to uncover their roles during mesocotyl elongation and seedling emergence events in rice. Furthermore, the presence of genes encoding transcription factors, growth- and stress response, or signaling-related genes would suggest that mesocotyl elongation and seedling emergence from deep direct-seeded rice might involve an active signaling cascade and transport of molecules, which could be elucidated through functional analysis. Likewise, genomic selection analysis suggested markers useful for downstream marker-assisted selection (MAS).