Ternary heterogeneous Z-scheme photocatalyst TiO(2)/CuInS(2)/OCN incorporated with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) for enhanced photocatalytic degradation efficiency of reactive yellow 145 dye in water

This study delves into the advanced integration of a ternary heterogeneous Z-scheme photocatalyst, TiO(2)/CuInS(2)/OCN (OCN: O-g-C(3)N(4)), with carbon quantum dot (CQD) to improve the degradation efficiency of reactive yellow 145 (RY145) dye in water. Through a systematic examination, we elucidated the photocatalytic mechanisms and the role of radicals, electrons, and holes in the treatment process. Our findings revealed that this novel catalyst integration significantly boosted RY145 degradation efficiency, achieving 98.2%, which is markedly higher than the efficiencies which could be achieved using TiO(2)/CuInS(2)/OCN alone. Moreover, the TiO(2)/CuInS(2)/OCN/CQD photocatalyst demonstrated superior rate performance over its components. Comprehensive evaluations, including photoelectrochemical and radical tests, further confirmed the efficiency of the integrated system, adhering to Z-scheme principles. The catalyst showcased remarkable stability, with over 94% reusability after five reaction cycles. These findings pave the way for the potential use of the TiO(2)/CuInS(2)/OCN/CQD photocatalyst as an innovative solution for water pollutant treatment via photocatalytic technology.