Regulation of the human cyclin C gene via multiple vitamin D(3)-responsive regions in its promoter

The candidate human tumor suppressor gene cyclin C is a primary target of the anti-proliferative hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)], but binding sites for the 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) receptor (VDR), so-called 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) response elements (VDREs), have not yet been identified in the promoter of this gene. We screened various cancer cell lines by quantitative PCR and found that the 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) inducibility of cyclin C mRNA expression, in relationship with the 24-hydroxylase (CYP24) gene, was best in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. To characterize the molecular mechanisms, we analyzed 8.4 kb of the cyclin C promoter by using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (ChIP) with antibodies against acetylated histone 4, VDR and its partner receptor, retinoid X receptor (RXR). The histone 4 acetylation status of all 23 investigated regions of the cyclin C promoter did not change significantly in response to 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3), but four independent promoter regions showed a consistent, 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)-dependent association with VDR and RXR over a time period of 240 min. Combined in silico/in vitro screening identified in each of these promoter regions a VDRE and reporter gene assays confirmed their functionality. Moreover, re-ChIP assays monitored simultaneous association of VDR with RXR, coactivator, mediator and RNA polymerase II proteins on these regions. Since cyclin C protein is associated with those mediator complexes that display transcriptional repressive properties, this study contributes to the understanding of the downregulation of a number of secondary 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)-responding genes.