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Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals

Reconstruction of the placental mammalian (eutherian) evolutionary tree has undergone diverse revisions, and numerous aspects remain hotly debated. Initial hierarchical divisions based on morphology contained many misgroupings due to features that evolved independently by similar selection processes...

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Autores principales: Kriegs, Jan Ole, Churakov, Gennady, Kiefmann, Martin, Jordan, Ursula, Brosius, Jürgen, Schmitz, Jürgen
Formato: Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2006
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1395351/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16515367
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091
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author Kriegs, Jan Ole
Churakov, Gennady
Kiefmann, Martin
Jordan, Ursula
Brosius, Jürgen
Schmitz, Jürgen
author_facet Kriegs, Jan Ole
Churakov, Gennady
Kiefmann, Martin
Jordan, Ursula
Brosius, Jürgen
Schmitz, Jürgen
author_sort Kriegs, Jan Ole
collection PubMed
description Reconstruction of the placental mammalian (eutherian) evolutionary tree has undergone diverse revisions, and numerous aspects remain hotly debated. Initial hierarchical divisions based on morphology contained many misgroupings due to features that evolved independently by similar selection processes. Molecular analyses corrected many of these misgroupings and the superordinal hierarchy of placental mammals was recently assembled into four clades. However, long or rapid evolutionary periods, as well as directional mutation pressure, can produce molecular homoplasies, similar characteristics lacking common ancestors. Retroposed elements, by contrast, integrate randomly into genomes with negligible probabilities of the same element integrating independently into orthologous positions in different species. Thus, presence/absence analyses of these elements are a superior strategy for molecular systematics. By computationally scanning more than 160,000 chromosomal loci and judiciously selecting from only phylogenetically informative retroposons for experimental high-throughput PCR applications, we recovered 28 clear, independent monophyly markers that conclusively verify the earliest divergences in placental mammalian evolution. Using tests that take into account ancestral polymorphisms, multiple long interspersed elements and long terminal repeat element insertions provide highly significant evidence for the monophyletic clades Boreotheria (synonymous with Boreoeutheria), Supraprimates (synonymous with Euarchontoglires), and Laurasiatheria. More importantly, two retropositions provide new support for a prior scenario of early mammalian evolution that places the basal placental divergence between Xenarthra and Epitheria, the latter comprising all remaining placentals. Due to its virtually homoplasy-free nature, the analysis of retroposon presence/absence patterns avoids the pitfalls of other molecular methodologies and provides a rapid, unequivocal means for revealing the evolutionary history of organisms.
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spelling pubmed-13953512006-03-14 Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals Kriegs, Jan Ole Churakov, Gennady Kiefmann, Martin Jordan, Ursula Brosius, Jürgen Schmitz, Jürgen PLoS Biol Research Article Reconstruction of the placental mammalian (eutherian) evolutionary tree has undergone diverse revisions, and numerous aspects remain hotly debated. Initial hierarchical divisions based on morphology contained many misgroupings due to features that evolved independently by similar selection processes. Molecular analyses corrected many of these misgroupings and the superordinal hierarchy of placental mammals was recently assembled into four clades. However, long or rapid evolutionary periods, as well as directional mutation pressure, can produce molecular homoplasies, similar characteristics lacking common ancestors. Retroposed elements, by contrast, integrate randomly into genomes with negligible probabilities of the same element integrating independently into orthologous positions in different species. Thus, presence/absence analyses of these elements are a superior strategy for molecular systematics. By computationally scanning more than 160,000 chromosomal loci and judiciously selecting from only phylogenetically informative retroposons for experimental high-throughput PCR applications, we recovered 28 clear, independent monophyly markers that conclusively verify the earliest divergences in placental mammalian evolution. Using tests that take into account ancestral polymorphisms, multiple long interspersed elements and long terminal repeat element insertions provide highly significant evidence for the monophyletic clades Boreotheria (synonymous with Boreoeutheria), Supraprimates (synonymous with Euarchontoglires), and Laurasiatheria. More importantly, two retropositions provide new support for a prior scenario of early mammalian evolution that places the basal placental divergence between Xenarthra and Epitheria, the latter comprising all remaining placentals. Due to its virtually homoplasy-free nature, the analysis of retroposon presence/absence patterns avoids the pitfalls of other molecular methodologies and provides a rapid, unequivocal means for revealing the evolutionary history of organisms. Public Library of Science 2006-04 2006-03-14 /pmc/articles/PMC1395351/ /pubmed/16515367 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091 Text en Copyright: © 2006 Kriegs et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Kriegs, Jan Ole
Churakov, Gennady
Kiefmann, Martin
Jordan, Ursula
Brosius, Jürgen
Schmitz, Jürgen
Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals
title Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals
title_full Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals
title_fullStr Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals
title_full_unstemmed Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals
title_short Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals
title_sort retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1395351/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16515367
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091
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