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Anopheles gambiae Immune Responses to Human and Rodent Plasmodium Parasite Species
Transmission of malaria is dependent on the successful completion of the Plasmodium lifecycle in the Anopheles vector. Major obstacles are encountered in the midgut tissue, where most parasites are killed by the mosquito's immune system. In the present study, DNA microarray analyses have been u...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2006
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475661/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16789837 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020052 |
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author | Dong, Yuemei Aguilar, Ruth Xi, Zhiyong Warr, Emma Mongin, Emmanuel Dimopoulos, George |
author_facet | Dong, Yuemei Aguilar, Ruth Xi, Zhiyong Warr, Emma Mongin, Emmanuel Dimopoulos, George |
author_sort | Dong, Yuemei |
collection | PubMed |
description | Transmission of malaria is dependent on the successful completion of the Plasmodium lifecycle in the Anopheles vector. Major obstacles are encountered in the midgut tissue, where most parasites are killed by the mosquito's immune system. In the present study, DNA microarray analyses have been used to compare Anopheles gambiae responses to invasion of the midgut epithelium by the ookinete stage of the human pathogen Plasmodium falciparum and the rodent experimental model pathogen P. berghei. Invasion by P. berghei had a more profound impact on the mosquito transcriptome, including a variety of functional gene classes, while P. falciparum elicited a broader immune response at the gene transcript level. Ingestion of human malaria-infected blood lacking invasive ookinetes also induced a variety of immune genes, including several anti-Plasmodium factors. Twelve selected genes were assessed for effect on infection with both parasite species and bacteria using RNAi gene silencing assays, and seven of these genes were found to influence mosquito resistance to both parasite species. An MD2-like receptor, AgMDL1, and an immunolectin, FBN39, showed specificity in regulating only resistance to P. falciparum, while the antimicrobial peptide gambicin and a novel putative short secreted peptide, IRSP5, were more specific for defense against the rodent parasite P. berghei. While all the genes that affected Plasmodium development also influenced mosquito resistance to bacterial infection, four of the antimicrobial genes had no effect on Plasmodium development. Our study shows that the impact of P. falciparum and P. berghei infection on A. gambiae biology at the gene transcript level is quite diverse, and the defense against the two Plasmodium species is mediated by antimicrobial factors with both universal and Plasmodium-species specific activities. Furthermore, our data indicate that the mosquito is capable of sensing infected blood constituents in the absence of invading ookinetes, thereby inducing anti-Plasmodium immune responses. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-1475661 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2006 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-14756612006-06-13 Anopheles gambiae Immune Responses to Human and Rodent Plasmodium Parasite Species Dong, Yuemei Aguilar, Ruth Xi, Zhiyong Warr, Emma Mongin, Emmanuel Dimopoulos, George PLoS Pathog Research Article Transmission of malaria is dependent on the successful completion of the Plasmodium lifecycle in the Anopheles vector. Major obstacles are encountered in the midgut tissue, where most parasites are killed by the mosquito's immune system. In the present study, DNA microarray analyses have been used to compare Anopheles gambiae responses to invasion of the midgut epithelium by the ookinete stage of the human pathogen Plasmodium falciparum and the rodent experimental model pathogen P. berghei. Invasion by P. berghei had a more profound impact on the mosquito transcriptome, including a variety of functional gene classes, while P. falciparum elicited a broader immune response at the gene transcript level. Ingestion of human malaria-infected blood lacking invasive ookinetes also induced a variety of immune genes, including several anti-Plasmodium factors. Twelve selected genes were assessed for effect on infection with both parasite species and bacteria using RNAi gene silencing assays, and seven of these genes were found to influence mosquito resistance to both parasite species. An MD2-like receptor, AgMDL1, and an immunolectin, FBN39, showed specificity in regulating only resistance to P. falciparum, while the antimicrobial peptide gambicin and a novel putative short secreted peptide, IRSP5, were more specific for defense against the rodent parasite P. berghei. While all the genes that affected Plasmodium development also influenced mosquito resistance to bacterial infection, four of the antimicrobial genes had no effect on Plasmodium development. Our study shows that the impact of P. falciparum and P. berghei infection on A. gambiae biology at the gene transcript level is quite diverse, and the defense against the two Plasmodium species is mediated by antimicrobial factors with both universal and Plasmodium-species specific activities. Furthermore, our data indicate that the mosquito is capable of sensing infected blood constituents in the absence of invading ookinetes, thereby inducing anti-Plasmodium immune responses. Public Library of Science 2006-06 2006-06-09 /pmc/articles/PMC1475661/ /pubmed/16789837 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020052 Text en © 2006 Dong et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Dong, Yuemei Aguilar, Ruth Xi, Zhiyong Warr, Emma Mongin, Emmanuel Dimopoulos, George Anopheles gambiae Immune Responses to Human and Rodent Plasmodium Parasite Species |
title |
Anopheles gambiae Immune Responses to Human and Rodent Plasmodium Parasite Species |
title_full |
Anopheles gambiae Immune Responses to Human and Rodent Plasmodium Parasite Species |
title_fullStr |
Anopheles gambiae Immune Responses to Human and Rodent Plasmodium Parasite Species |
title_full_unstemmed |
Anopheles gambiae Immune Responses to Human and Rodent Plasmodium Parasite Species |
title_short |
Anopheles gambiae Immune Responses to Human and Rodent Plasmodium Parasite Species |
title_sort | anopheles gambiae immune responses to human and rodent plasmodium parasite species |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475661/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16789837 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020052 |
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