Cargando…

Persistent Pesticides in Human Breast Milk and Cryptorchidism

INTRODUCTION: Prenatal exposure to some pesticides can adversely affect male reproductive health in animals. We investigated a possible human association between maternal exposure to 27 organochlorine compounds used as pesticides and cryptorchidism among male children. DESIGN: Within a prospective b...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Damgaard, Ida N., Skakkebæk, Niels E., Toppari, Jorma, Virtanen, Helena E., Shen, Heqing, Schramm, Karl-Werner, Petersen, Jørgen H., Jensen, Tina K., Main, Katharina M.
Formato: Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 2006
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1513324/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16835070
http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8741
_version_ 1782128481588477952
author Damgaard, Ida N.
Skakkebæk, Niels E.
Toppari, Jorma
Virtanen, Helena E.
Shen, Heqing
Schramm, Karl-Werner
Petersen, Jørgen H.
Jensen, Tina K.
Main, Katharina M.
author_facet Damgaard, Ida N.
Skakkebæk, Niels E.
Toppari, Jorma
Virtanen, Helena E.
Shen, Heqing
Schramm, Karl-Werner
Petersen, Jørgen H.
Jensen, Tina K.
Main, Katharina M.
author_sort Damgaard, Ida N.
collection PubMed
description INTRODUCTION: Prenatal exposure to some pesticides can adversely affect male reproductive health in animals. We investigated a possible human association between maternal exposure to 27 organochlorine compounds used as pesticides and cryptorchidism among male children. DESIGN: Within a prospective birth cohort, we performed a case–control study; 62 milk samples from mothers of cryptorchid boys and 68 from mothers of healthy boys were selected. Milk was collected as individual pools between 1 and 3 months postpartum and analyzed for 27 organochlorine pesticides. RESULTS: Eight organochlorine pesticides were measurable in all samples (medians; nanograms per gram lipid) for cases/controls: 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p′-DDE): 97.3/83.8; β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH): 13.6/12.3; hexachlorobenzene (HCB): 10.6/8.8; α -endosulfan: 7.0/6.7; oxychlordane: 4.5/4.1; 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p′-DDT): 4.6/4.0; dieldrin: 4.1/3.1; cis-heptachloroepoxide (cis-HE): 2.5/2.2. Five compounds [octachlorostyrene (OCS); pentachlorobenzene, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p′-DDD); o,p′-DDT; mirex] were measurable in most samples (detection rates 90.8–99.2%) but in lower concentrations. For methoxychlor, cis-chlordane, pentachloroanisole (PCA), γ -HCH, 1,1-dichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,2(4-chlorophenyl)ethane, trans-chlordane, α -HCH, and o,p′-DDE, both concentrations and detection rates were low (26.5–71.5%). Heptachlor, HCH (δ, ɛ ), aldrin, β-endosulfan and trans-heptachloroepoxide were detected at negligible concentrations and low detection rates and were not analyzed further. Seventeen of 21 organochlorine pesticides [p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, HCH (α , β, γ ), HCB, PCA, α -endosulfan, cis-HE, chlordane (cis-, trans-) oxychlordane, methoxychlor, OCS, and dieldrin] were measured in higher median concentrations in case milk than in control milk. Apart from trans-chlordane (p = 0.012), there were no significant differences between cryptorchid and healthy boys for individual chemicals. However, combined statistical analysis of the eight most abundant persistent pesticides showed that pesticide levels in breast milk were significantly higher in boys with cryptorchidism (p = 0.032). CONCLUSION: The association between congenital cryptorchidism and some persistent pesticides in breast milk as a proxy for maternal exposure suggests that testicular descent in the fetus may be adversely affected.
format Text
id pubmed-1513324
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2006
publisher National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-15133242006-07-26 Persistent Pesticides in Human Breast Milk and Cryptorchidism Damgaard, Ida N. Skakkebæk, Niels E. Toppari, Jorma Virtanen, Helena E. Shen, Heqing Schramm, Karl-Werner Petersen, Jørgen H. Jensen, Tina K. Main, Katharina M. Environ Health Perspect Research INTRODUCTION: Prenatal exposure to some pesticides can adversely affect male reproductive health in animals. We investigated a possible human association between maternal exposure to 27 organochlorine compounds used as pesticides and cryptorchidism among male children. DESIGN: Within a prospective birth cohort, we performed a case–control study; 62 milk samples from mothers of cryptorchid boys and 68 from mothers of healthy boys were selected. Milk was collected as individual pools between 1 and 3 months postpartum and analyzed for 27 organochlorine pesticides. RESULTS: Eight organochlorine pesticides were measurable in all samples (medians; nanograms per gram lipid) for cases/controls: 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p′-DDE): 97.3/83.8; β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH): 13.6/12.3; hexachlorobenzene (HCB): 10.6/8.8; α -endosulfan: 7.0/6.7; oxychlordane: 4.5/4.1; 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p′-DDT): 4.6/4.0; dieldrin: 4.1/3.1; cis-heptachloroepoxide (cis-HE): 2.5/2.2. Five compounds [octachlorostyrene (OCS); pentachlorobenzene, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p′-DDD); o,p′-DDT; mirex] were measurable in most samples (detection rates 90.8–99.2%) but in lower concentrations. For methoxychlor, cis-chlordane, pentachloroanisole (PCA), γ -HCH, 1,1-dichloro-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2,2(4-chlorophenyl)ethane, trans-chlordane, α -HCH, and o,p′-DDE, both concentrations and detection rates were low (26.5–71.5%). Heptachlor, HCH (δ, ɛ ), aldrin, β-endosulfan and trans-heptachloroepoxide were detected at negligible concentrations and low detection rates and were not analyzed further. Seventeen of 21 organochlorine pesticides [p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, HCH (α , β, γ ), HCB, PCA, α -endosulfan, cis-HE, chlordane (cis-, trans-) oxychlordane, methoxychlor, OCS, and dieldrin] were measured in higher median concentrations in case milk than in control milk. Apart from trans-chlordane (p = 0.012), there were no significant differences between cryptorchid and healthy boys for individual chemicals. However, combined statistical analysis of the eight most abundant persistent pesticides showed that pesticide levels in breast milk were significantly higher in boys with cryptorchidism (p = 0.032). CONCLUSION: The association between congenital cryptorchidism and some persistent pesticides in breast milk as a proxy for maternal exposure suggests that testicular descent in the fetus may be adversely affected. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 2006-07 2006-02-27 /pmc/articles/PMC1513324/ /pubmed/16835070 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8741 Text en http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, ?Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives?); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright.
spellingShingle Research
Damgaard, Ida N.
Skakkebæk, Niels E.
Toppari, Jorma
Virtanen, Helena E.
Shen, Heqing
Schramm, Karl-Werner
Petersen, Jørgen H.
Jensen, Tina K.
Main, Katharina M.
Persistent Pesticides in Human Breast Milk and Cryptorchidism
title Persistent Pesticides in Human Breast Milk and Cryptorchidism
title_full Persistent Pesticides in Human Breast Milk and Cryptorchidism
title_fullStr Persistent Pesticides in Human Breast Milk and Cryptorchidism
title_full_unstemmed Persistent Pesticides in Human Breast Milk and Cryptorchidism
title_short Persistent Pesticides in Human Breast Milk and Cryptorchidism
title_sort persistent pesticides in human breast milk and cryptorchidism
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1513324/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16835070
http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8741
work_keys_str_mv AT damgaardidan persistentpesticidesinhumanbreastmilkandcryptorchidism
AT skakkebæknielse persistentpesticidesinhumanbreastmilkandcryptorchidism
AT topparijorma persistentpesticidesinhumanbreastmilkandcryptorchidism
AT virtanenhelenae persistentpesticidesinhumanbreastmilkandcryptorchidism
AT shenheqing persistentpesticidesinhumanbreastmilkandcryptorchidism
AT schrammkarlwerner persistentpesticidesinhumanbreastmilkandcryptorchidism
AT petersenjørgenh persistentpesticidesinhumanbreastmilkandcryptorchidism
AT jensentinak persistentpesticidesinhumanbreastmilkandcryptorchidism
AT mainkatharinam persistentpesticidesinhumanbreastmilkandcryptorchidism
AT persistentpesticidesinhumanbreastmilkandcryptorchidism