Oxidative stress increases Fas ligand expression in endothelial cells

BACKGROUND: Fas ligand (FasL) induces apoptosis in Fas-bearing target cells, such as leukocytes, and up-regulation of FasL expression on the endothelium may contribute to anti-inflammatory reactions that attenuate leukocyte extravasation during inflammation. Since oxidants generated during inflammation and cigarette smoking may modulate endothelial function, we examined the effect of H(2)O(2 )and cigarette smoke on endothelial FasL expression. METHODS: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to nontoxic concentrations of H(2)O(2 )and cigarette smoke extracts (CSE). Membrane FasL expression was assessed by immunostaining with anti-FasL antibody followed by either monolayer-cell-based spectrofluorimetry or flow cytometry. Soluble FasL in culture supernatants was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For the cytotoxic assay, HUVECs were exposed to H(2)O(2 )and co-cultured with neutrophils. Neutrophils were stained by a peroxidase/diaminobenzidine-based reaction, and apoptosis was evaluated on the basis of nuclear morphology after Giemsa staining. To analyze in vitro FasL expression in arteries, rat thoracic aortas were incubated with H(2)O(2), and paraffin-embedded sections were prepared for immunohistochemistry with anti-FasL antibody. RESULTS: Exposure of HUVECs to H(2)O(2 )dose-dependently increased their levels of both membrane and soluble forms of FasL expression. CSE exposure also caused increased levels of FasL expression, but the increase was partially inhibited by the addition of catalase. When co-cultured with neutrophils, HUVECs exposed to H(2)O(2 )significantly promoted neutrophil apoptosis. Rat thoracic aortas incubated with H(2)O(2 )exhibited increased FasL expression on their endothelium. CONCLUSION: Low levels of oxidative stress increase FasL expression on endothelial cells, thereby potentially reducing leukocyte extravasation and tissue damage.