Safety and Allele-Specific Immunogenicity of a Malaria Vaccine in Malian Adults: Results of a Phase I Randomized Trial

OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity, and allele-specific immunogenicity of the blood-stage malaria vaccine FMP1/AS02A in adults exposed to seasonal malaria and the impact of natural infection on vaccine-induced antibody levels. DESIGN: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled phase I clinical trial. SETTING: Bandiagara, Mali, West Africa, is a rural town with intense seasonal transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. PARTICIPANTS: Forty healthy, malaria-experienced Malian adults aged 18–55 y were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS: The FMP1/AS02A malaria vaccine is a 42-kDa recombinant protein based on the carboxy-terminal end of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1(42)) from the 3D7 clone of P. falciparum, adjuvanted with AS02A. The control vaccine was a killed rabies virus vaccine (Imovax). Participants were randomized to receive either FMP1/AS02A or rabies vaccine at 0, 1, and 2 mo and were followed for 1 y. OUTCOME MEASURES: Solicited and unsolicited adverse events and allele-specific antibody responses to recombinant MSP-1(42) and its subunits derived from P. falciparum strains homologous and heterologous to the 3D7 vaccine strain were measured. RESULTS: Transient local pain and swelling were more common in the malaria vaccine group than in the control group (11/20 versus 3/20 and 10/20 versus 6/20, respectively). MSP-1(42) antibody levels rose during the malaria transmission season in the control group, but were significantly higher in malaria vaccine recipients after the second immunization and remained higher after the third immunization relative both to baseline and to the control group. Immunization with the malaria vaccine was followed by significant increases in antibodies recognizing three diverse MSP-1(42) alleles and their subunits. CONCLUSIONS: FMP1/AS02A was well tolerated and highly immunogenic in adults exposed to intense seasonal malaria transmission and elicited immune responses to genetically diverse parasite clones. Anti-MSP-1(42) antibody levels followed a seasonal pattern that was significantly augmented and prolonged by the malaria vaccine.