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Elevated Lead in Drinking Water in Washington, DC, 2003–2004: The Public Health Response

BACKGROUND: In 2003, residents of the District of Columbia (DC) experienced an abrupt rise in lead levels in drinking water, which followed a change in water-disinfection treatment in 2001 and which was attributed to consequent changes in water chemistry and corrosivity. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the...

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Autores principales: Guidotti, Tee L., Calhoun, Thomas, Davies-Cole, John O., Knuckles, Maurice E., Stokes, Lynette, Glymph, Chevelle, Lum, Garret, Moses, Marina S., Goldsmith, David F., Ragain, Lisa
Formato: Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 2007
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1868000/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17520055
http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8722
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author Guidotti, Tee L.
Calhoun, Thomas
Davies-Cole, John O.
Knuckles, Maurice E.
Stokes, Lynette
Glymph, Chevelle
Lum, Garret
Moses, Marina S.
Goldsmith, David F.
Ragain, Lisa
author_facet Guidotti, Tee L.
Calhoun, Thomas
Davies-Cole, John O.
Knuckles, Maurice E.
Stokes, Lynette
Glymph, Chevelle
Lum, Garret
Moses, Marina S.
Goldsmith, David F.
Ragain, Lisa
author_sort Guidotti, Tee L.
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: In 2003, residents of the District of Columbia (DC) experienced an abrupt rise in lead levels in drinking water, which followed a change in water-disinfection treatment in 2001 and which was attributed to consequent changes in water chemistry and corrosivity. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the public health implications of the exceedance, the DC Department of Health expanded the scope of its monitoring programs for blood lead levels in children. METHODS: From 3 February 2004 to 31 July 2004, 6,834 DC residents were screened to determine their blood lead levels. RESULTS: Children from 6 months to 6 years of age constituted 2,342 of those tested; 65 had blood lead levels > 10 μg/dL (the “level of concern” defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the highest with a level of 68 μg/dL. Investigation of their homes identified environmental sources of lead exposure other than tap water as the source, when the source was identified. Most of the children with elevated blood lead levels (n = 46; 70.8%) lived in homes without lead drinking-water service lines, which is the principal source of lead in drinking water in older cities. Although residents of houses with lead service lines had higher blood lead levels on average than those in houses that did not, this relationship is confounded. Older houses that retain lead service lines usually have not been rehabilitated and are more likely to be associated with other sources of exposure, particularly lead paint. None of 96 pregnant women tested showed blood lead levels > 10 μg/dL, but two nursing mothers had blood lead levels > 10 μg/dL. Among two data sets of 107 and 71 children for whom paired blood and water lead levels could be obtained, there was no correlation (r(2) = –0.03142 for the 107). CONCLUSIONS: The expanded screening program developed in response to increased lead levels in water uncovered the true dimensions of a continuing problem with sources of lead in homes, specifically lead paint. This study cannot be used to correlate lead in drinking water with blood lead levels directly because it is based on an ecologic rather than individualized exposure assessment; the protocol for measuring lead was based on regulatory requirements rather than estimating individual intake; numerous interventions were introduced to mitigate the effect; exposure from drinking water is confounded with other sources of lead in older houses; and the period of potential exposure was limited and variable.
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spelling pubmed-18680002007-06-07 Elevated Lead in Drinking Water in Washington, DC, 2003–2004: The Public Health Response Guidotti, Tee L. Calhoun, Thomas Davies-Cole, John O. Knuckles, Maurice E. Stokes, Lynette Glymph, Chevelle Lum, Garret Moses, Marina S. Goldsmith, David F. Ragain, Lisa Environ Health Perspect Research BACKGROUND: In 2003, residents of the District of Columbia (DC) experienced an abrupt rise in lead levels in drinking water, which followed a change in water-disinfection treatment in 2001 and which was attributed to consequent changes in water chemistry and corrosivity. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the public health implications of the exceedance, the DC Department of Health expanded the scope of its monitoring programs for blood lead levels in children. METHODS: From 3 February 2004 to 31 July 2004, 6,834 DC residents were screened to determine their blood lead levels. RESULTS: Children from 6 months to 6 years of age constituted 2,342 of those tested; 65 had blood lead levels > 10 μg/dL (the “level of concern” defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the highest with a level of 68 μg/dL. Investigation of their homes identified environmental sources of lead exposure other than tap water as the source, when the source was identified. Most of the children with elevated blood lead levels (n = 46; 70.8%) lived in homes without lead drinking-water service lines, which is the principal source of lead in drinking water in older cities. Although residents of houses with lead service lines had higher blood lead levels on average than those in houses that did not, this relationship is confounded. Older houses that retain lead service lines usually have not been rehabilitated and are more likely to be associated with other sources of exposure, particularly lead paint. None of 96 pregnant women tested showed blood lead levels > 10 μg/dL, but two nursing mothers had blood lead levels > 10 μg/dL. Among two data sets of 107 and 71 children for whom paired blood and water lead levels could be obtained, there was no correlation (r(2) = –0.03142 for the 107). CONCLUSIONS: The expanded screening program developed in response to increased lead levels in water uncovered the true dimensions of a continuing problem with sources of lead in homes, specifically lead paint. This study cannot be used to correlate lead in drinking water with blood lead levels directly because it is based on an ecologic rather than individualized exposure assessment; the protocol for measuring lead was based on regulatory requirements rather than estimating individual intake; numerous interventions were introduced to mitigate the effect; exposure from drinking water is confounded with other sources of lead in older houses; and the period of potential exposure was limited and variable. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 2007-05 2007-01-17 /pmc/articles/PMC1868000/ /pubmed/17520055 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8722 Text en http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, ?Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives?); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright.
spellingShingle Research
Guidotti, Tee L.
Calhoun, Thomas
Davies-Cole, John O.
Knuckles, Maurice E.
Stokes, Lynette
Glymph, Chevelle
Lum, Garret
Moses, Marina S.
Goldsmith, David F.
Ragain, Lisa
Elevated Lead in Drinking Water in Washington, DC, 2003–2004: The Public Health Response
title Elevated Lead in Drinking Water in Washington, DC, 2003–2004: The Public Health Response
title_full Elevated Lead in Drinking Water in Washington, DC, 2003–2004: The Public Health Response
title_fullStr Elevated Lead in Drinking Water in Washington, DC, 2003–2004: The Public Health Response
title_full_unstemmed Elevated Lead in Drinking Water in Washington, DC, 2003–2004: The Public Health Response
title_short Elevated Lead in Drinking Water in Washington, DC, 2003–2004: The Public Health Response
title_sort elevated lead in drinking water in washington, dc, 2003–2004: the public health response
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1868000/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17520055
http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8722
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