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Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup

We have sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of the extinct American mastodon (Mammut americanum) from an Alaskan fossil that is between 50,000 and 130,000 y old, extending the age range of genomic analyses by almost a complete glacial cycle. The sequence we obtained is substantially differen...

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Autores principales: Rohland, Nadin, Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo, Pollack, Joshua L, Slatkin, Montgomery, Matheus, Paul, Hofreiter, Michael
Formato: Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2007
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17676977
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207
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author Rohland, Nadin
Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo
Pollack, Joshua L
Slatkin, Montgomery
Matheus, Paul
Hofreiter, Michael
author_facet Rohland, Nadin
Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo
Pollack, Joshua L
Slatkin, Montgomery
Matheus, Paul
Hofreiter, Michael
author_sort Rohland, Nadin
collection PubMed
description We have sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of the extinct American mastodon (Mammut americanum) from an Alaskan fossil that is between 50,000 and 130,000 y old, extending the age range of genomic analyses by almost a complete glacial cycle. The sequence we obtained is substantially different from previously reported partial mastodon mitochondrial DNA sequences. By comparing those partial sequences to other proboscidean sequences, we conclude that we have obtained the first sequence of mastodon DNA ever reported. Using the sequence of the mastodon, which diverged 24–28 million years ago (mya) from the Elephantidae lineage, as an outgroup, we infer that the ancestors of African elephants diverged from the lineage leading to mammoths and Asian elephants approximately 7.6 mya and that mammoths and Asian elephants diverged approximately 6.7 mya. We also conclude that the nuclear genomes of the African savannah and forest elephants diverged approximately 4.0 mya, supporting the view that these two groups represent different species. Finally, we found the mitochondrial mutation rate of proboscideans to be roughly half of the rate in primates during at least the last 24 million years.
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spelling pubmed-19251342007-08-14 Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup Rohland, Nadin Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo Pollack, Joshua L Slatkin, Montgomery Matheus, Paul Hofreiter, Michael PLoS Biol Research Article We have sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of the extinct American mastodon (Mammut americanum) from an Alaskan fossil that is between 50,000 and 130,000 y old, extending the age range of genomic analyses by almost a complete glacial cycle. The sequence we obtained is substantially different from previously reported partial mastodon mitochondrial DNA sequences. By comparing those partial sequences to other proboscidean sequences, we conclude that we have obtained the first sequence of mastodon DNA ever reported. Using the sequence of the mastodon, which diverged 24–28 million years ago (mya) from the Elephantidae lineage, as an outgroup, we infer that the ancestors of African elephants diverged from the lineage leading to mammoths and Asian elephants approximately 7.6 mya and that mammoths and Asian elephants diverged approximately 6.7 mya. We also conclude that the nuclear genomes of the African savannah and forest elephants diverged approximately 4.0 mya, supporting the view that these two groups represent different species. Finally, we found the mitochondrial mutation rate of proboscideans to be roughly half of the rate in primates during at least the last 24 million years. Public Library of Science 2007-08 2007-07-24 /pmc/articles/PMC1925134/ /pubmed/17676977 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207 Text en © 2007 Rohland et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Rohland, Nadin
Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo
Pollack, Joshua L
Slatkin, Montgomery
Matheus, Paul
Hofreiter, Michael
Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup
title Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup
title_full Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup
title_fullStr Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup
title_full_unstemmed Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup
title_short Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup
title_sort proboscidean mitogenomics: chronology and mode of elephant evolution using mastodon as outgroup
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17676977
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207
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