A review of pulmonary arterial hypertension: role of ambrisentan

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare fatal disease. Current disease-specific therapeutic interventions in PAH target 1 of 3 established pathways in disease pathobiology: prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and endothelin-1. Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) act on the endothelin pathway by blocking binding of endothelin-1 to its receptors (endothelin type-A [ET(A)] and/or type-B [ET(B)]) on the surface of endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Ambrisentan is an oral, once-daily, ET(A)-selective ERA in development for the treatment of PAH. In Phase 3 clinical trials in patients with PAH, ambrisentan (2.5–10 mg orally once-daily) improved exercise capacity, Borg dyspnea index, time to clinical worsening, WHO functional class, and quality of life compared with placebo. Ambrisentan provided durable (at least 2 years) improvement in exercise capacity in a Phase 2 long-term extension study. Ambrisentan was well tolerated with a lower incidence and severity of liver function test abnormalities compared with the ET(A)/ET(B) ERA, bosentan, and the ET(A)-selective ERA, sitaxsentan. Ambrisentan does not induce or inhibit P450 enzymes; therefore, ambrisentan is unlikely to affect the pharmacokinetics of P450-metabolized drugs. The demonstration of clinical efficacy, low incidence of acute hepatic toxicity, and low risk of drug–drug interactions support the role of ambrisentan for the treatment of PAH.