Caspase-mediated Cleavage of Focal Adhesion Kinase pp125(FAK) and Disassembly of Focal Adhesions in Human Endothelial Cell Apoptosis

Normal endothelial and epithelial cells undergo apoptosis when cell adhesion and spreading are prevented, implying a requirement for antiapoptotic signals from the extracellular matrix for cell survival. We investigated some of the molecular changes occurring in focal adhesions during growth factor deprivation–induced apoptosis in confluent monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Among the first morphologic changes after initiation of the apoptotic process are membrane blebbing, loss of focal adhesion sites, and retraction from the matrix followed by detachment. We observe a specific proteolytic cleavage of focal adhesion kinase (pp125(FAK)), an important component of the focal adhesion complex, and identify pp125(FAK) as a novel substrate for caspase-3 and caspase-3–like apoptotic caspases. The initial cleavage precedes detachment, and coincides with loss of pp125(FAK) and paxillin from focal adhesion sites and their redistribution into the characteristic membrane blebs of apoptotically dying cells. Cleavage of pp125(FAK) differentially affects its association with signaling and cytoskeletal components of the focal adhesion complex; binding of paxillin, but not pp130(Cas) (Cas, Crk-associated substrate) and vinculin, to the COOH terminally truncated pp125(FAK) is abolished. Therefore, caspase-mediated cleavage of pp125(FAK) may be participating in the disassembly of the focal adhesion complex and actively interrupting survival signals from the extracellular matrix, thus propagating the cell death program.