The Influence of Potassium- and Sodium-Free Solutions on Sodium Efflux from Squid Giant Axons

The sensitivity of sodium efflux to the removal of potassium ions from the external solution and the change in sodium efflux occurring when sodium ions are also removed were observed to be related. When Tris was used to replace external sodium ions, increases in sodium efflux were always observed whether the sensitivity of sodium efflux to external potassium ions was weak or strong. Greater percentage increases in sodium efflux occurred, however, the greater the sensitivity of sodium efflux to external potassium ions. When lithium ions were used to replace external sodium ions, increases in sodium efflux occurred if the sensitivity of efflux to external potassium ions was strong whereas decreases in sodium efflux took place if the sensitivity of efflux to external potassium ions was weak. Intermediate sensitivities of efflux to external potassium resulted in no change in efflux upon substitution of lithium ions for external sodium ions. In the presence of 10(-5) M ouabain, substitution of Tris for external sodium ions always resulted in a small decrease in sodium efflux. The data can be described in terms of a model which assumes the presence of efflux stimulation sites that are about 98% selective to potassium ions and about 2% selective to sodium or lithium ions.