Structural Regions of the Cardiac Ca Channel α(1C) Subunit Involved in Ca-dependent Inactivation

We investigated the molecular basis for Ca-dependent inactivation of the cardiac L-type Ca channel. Transfection of HEK293 cells with the wild-type α(1C) or its 3′ deletion mutant (α(1C−3′del)) produced channels that exhibited prominent Ca-dependent inactivation. To identify structural regions of α(1C) involved in this process, we analyzed chimeric α(1) subunits in which one of the major intracellular domains of α(1C) was replaced by the corresponding region from the skeletal muscle α(1S) subunit (which lacks Ca-dependent inactivation). Replacing the NH(2) terminus or the III–IV loop of α(1C) with its counterpart from α(1S) had no appreciable effect on Ca channel inactivation. In contrast, replacing the I–II loop of α(1C) with the corresponding region from α(1S) dramatically slowed the inactivation of Ba currents while preserving Ca-dependent inactivation. A similar but less pronounced result was obtained with a II–III loop chimera. These results suggest that the I–II and II–III loops of α(1C) may participate in the mechanism of Ca-dependent inactivation. Replacing the final 80% of the COOH terminus of α(1C) with the corresponding region from α(1S) completely eliminated Ca-dependent inactivation without affecting inactivation of Ba currents. Significantly, Ca-dependent inactivation was restored to this chimera by deleting a nonconserved, 211–amino acid segment from the end of the COOH terminus. These results suggest that the distal COOH terminus of α(1S) can block Ca-dependent inactivation, possibly by interacting with other proteins or other regions of the Ca channel. Our findings suggest that structural determinants of Ca-dependent inactivation are distributed among several major cytoplasmic domains of α(1C).