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The abundant extrachromosomal DNA content of the Spiroplasma citri GII3-3X genome

BACKGROUND: Spiroplama citri, the causal agent of citrus stubborn disease, is a bacterium of the class Mollicutes and is transmitted by phloem-feeding leafhopper vectors. In order to characterize candidate genes potentially involved in spiroplasma transmission and pathogenicity, the genome of S. cit...

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Autores principales: Saillard, Colette, Carle, Patricia, Duret-Nurbel, Sybille, Henri, Raphaël, Killiny, Nabil, Carrère, Sébastien, Gouzy, Jérome, Bové, Joseph-Marie, Renaudin, Joël, Foissac, Xavier
Formato: Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2008
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386487/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18442384
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-195
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author Saillard, Colette
Carle, Patricia
Duret-Nurbel, Sybille
Henri, Raphaël
Killiny, Nabil
Carrère, Sébastien
Gouzy, Jérome
Bové, Joseph-Marie
Renaudin, Joël
Foissac, Xavier
author_facet Saillard, Colette
Carle, Patricia
Duret-Nurbel, Sybille
Henri, Raphaël
Killiny, Nabil
Carrère, Sébastien
Gouzy, Jérome
Bové, Joseph-Marie
Renaudin, Joël
Foissac, Xavier
author_sort Saillard, Colette
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Spiroplama citri, the causal agent of citrus stubborn disease, is a bacterium of the class Mollicutes and is transmitted by phloem-feeding leafhopper vectors. In order to characterize candidate genes potentially involved in spiroplasma transmission and pathogenicity, the genome of S. citri strain GII3-3X is currently being deciphered. RESULTS: Assembling 20,000 sequencing reads generated seven circular contigs, none of which fit the 1.8 Mb chromosome map or carried chromosomal markers. These contigs correspond to seven plasmids: pSci1 to pSci6, with sizes ranging from 12.9 to 35.3 kbp and pSciA of 7.8 kbp. Plasmids pSci were detected as multiple copies in strain GII3-3X. Plasmid copy numbers of pSci1-6, as deduced from sequencing coverage, were estimated at 10 to 14 copies per spiroplasma cell, representing 1.6 Mb of extrachromosomal DNA. Genes encoding proteins of the TrsE-TraE, Mob, TraD-TraG, and Soj-ParA protein families were predicted in most of the pSci sequences, in addition to members of 14 protein families of unknown function. Plasmid pSci6 encodes protein P32, a marker of insect transmissibility. Plasmids pSci1-5 code for eight different S. citri adhesion-related proteins (ScARPs) that are homologous to the previously described protein P89 and the S. kunkelii SkARP1. Conserved signal peptides and C-terminal transmembrane alpha helices were predicted in all ScARPs. The predicted surface-exposed N-terminal region possesses the following elements: (i) 6 to 8 repeats of 39 to 42 amino acids each (sarpin repeats), (ii) a central conserved region of 330 amino acids followed by (iii) a more variable domain of about 110 amino acids. The C-terminus, predicted to be cytoplasmic, consists of a 27 amino acid stretch enriched in arginine and lysine (KR) and an optional 23 amino acid stretch enriched in lysine, aspartate and glutamate (KDE). Plasmids pSci mainly present a linear increase of cumulative GC skew except in regions presenting conserved hairpin structures. CONCLUSION: The genome of S. citri GII3-3X is characterized by abundant extrachromosomal elements. The pSci plasmids could not only be vertically inherited but also horizontally transmitted, as they encode proteins usually involved in DNA element partitioning and cell to cell DNA transfer. Because plasmids pSci1-5 encode surface proteins of the ScARP family and pSci6 was recently shown to confer insect transmissibility, diversity and abundance of S. citri plasmids may essentially aid the rapid adaptation of S. citri to more efficient transmission by different insect vectors and to various plant hosts.
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spelling pubmed-23864872008-05-16 The abundant extrachromosomal DNA content of the Spiroplasma citri GII3-3X genome Saillard, Colette Carle, Patricia Duret-Nurbel, Sybille Henri, Raphaël Killiny, Nabil Carrère, Sébastien Gouzy, Jérome Bové, Joseph-Marie Renaudin, Joël Foissac, Xavier BMC Genomics Research Article BACKGROUND: Spiroplama citri, the causal agent of citrus stubborn disease, is a bacterium of the class Mollicutes and is transmitted by phloem-feeding leafhopper vectors. In order to characterize candidate genes potentially involved in spiroplasma transmission and pathogenicity, the genome of S. citri strain GII3-3X is currently being deciphered. RESULTS: Assembling 20,000 sequencing reads generated seven circular contigs, none of which fit the 1.8 Mb chromosome map or carried chromosomal markers. These contigs correspond to seven plasmids: pSci1 to pSci6, with sizes ranging from 12.9 to 35.3 kbp and pSciA of 7.8 kbp. Plasmids pSci were detected as multiple copies in strain GII3-3X. Plasmid copy numbers of pSci1-6, as deduced from sequencing coverage, were estimated at 10 to 14 copies per spiroplasma cell, representing 1.6 Mb of extrachromosomal DNA. Genes encoding proteins of the TrsE-TraE, Mob, TraD-TraG, and Soj-ParA protein families were predicted in most of the pSci sequences, in addition to members of 14 protein families of unknown function. Plasmid pSci6 encodes protein P32, a marker of insect transmissibility. Plasmids pSci1-5 code for eight different S. citri adhesion-related proteins (ScARPs) that are homologous to the previously described protein P89 and the S. kunkelii SkARP1. Conserved signal peptides and C-terminal transmembrane alpha helices were predicted in all ScARPs. The predicted surface-exposed N-terminal region possesses the following elements: (i) 6 to 8 repeats of 39 to 42 amino acids each (sarpin repeats), (ii) a central conserved region of 330 amino acids followed by (iii) a more variable domain of about 110 amino acids. The C-terminus, predicted to be cytoplasmic, consists of a 27 amino acid stretch enriched in arginine and lysine (KR) and an optional 23 amino acid stretch enriched in lysine, aspartate and glutamate (KDE). Plasmids pSci mainly present a linear increase of cumulative GC skew except in regions presenting conserved hairpin structures. CONCLUSION: The genome of S. citri GII3-3X is characterized by abundant extrachromosomal elements. The pSci plasmids could not only be vertically inherited but also horizontally transmitted, as they encode proteins usually involved in DNA element partitioning and cell to cell DNA transfer. Because plasmids pSci1-5 encode surface proteins of the ScARP family and pSci6 was recently shown to confer insect transmissibility, diversity and abundance of S. citri plasmids may essentially aid the rapid adaptation of S. citri to more efficient transmission by different insect vectors and to various plant hosts. BioMed Central 2008-04-28 /pmc/articles/PMC2386487/ /pubmed/18442384 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-195 Text en Copyright © 2008 Saillard et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Saillard, Colette
Carle, Patricia
Duret-Nurbel, Sybille
Henri, Raphaël
Killiny, Nabil
Carrère, Sébastien
Gouzy, Jérome
Bové, Joseph-Marie
Renaudin, Joël
Foissac, Xavier
The abundant extrachromosomal DNA content of the Spiroplasma citri GII3-3X genome
title The abundant extrachromosomal DNA content of the Spiroplasma citri GII3-3X genome
title_full The abundant extrachromosomal DNA content of the Spiroplasma citri GII3-3X genome
title_fullStr The abundant extrachromosomal DNA content of the Spiroplasma citri GII3-3X genome
title_full_unstemmed The abundant extrachromosomal DNA content of the Spiroplasma citri GII3-3X genome
title_short The abundant extrachromosomal DNA content of the Spiroplasma citri GII3-3X genome
title_sort abundant extrachromosomal dna content of the spiroplasma citri gii3-3x genome
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386487/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18442384
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-195
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