“Re-educating” tumor-associated macrophages by targeting NF-κB

The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway is important in cancer-related inflammation and malignant progression. Here, we describe a new role for NF-κB in cancer in maintaining the immunosuppressive phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). We show that macrophages are polarized via interleukin (IL)-1R and MyD88 to an immunosuppressive “alternative” phenotype that requires IκB kinase β–mediated NF-κB activation. When NF-κB signaling is inhibited specifically in TAMs, they become cytotoxic to tumor cells and switch to a “classically” activated phenotype; IL-12(high), major histocompatibility complex II(high), but IL-10(low) and arginase-1(low). Targeting NF-κB signaling in TAMs also promotes regression of advanced tumors in vivo by induction of macrophage tumoricidal activity and activation of antitumor activity through IL-12–dependent NK cell recruitment. We provide a rationale for manipulating the phenotype of the abundant macrophage population already located within the tumor microenvironment; the potential to “re-educate” the tumor-promoting macrophage population may prove an effective and novel therapeutic approach for cancer that complements existing therapies.