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Schistosomiasis transmission at high altitude crater lakes in Western Uganda

BACKGROUND: Contrary to previous reports which indicated no transmission of schistosomiasis at altitude >1,400 m above sea level in Uganda, in this study it has been established that schistosomiasis transmission can take place at an altitude range of 1487–1682 m above sea level in western Uganda....

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Autores principales: John, Rubaihayo, Ezekiel, Moghusu, Philbert, Clouds, Andrew, Abaasa
Formato: Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2008
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2518556/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18694485
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-8-110
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author John, Rubaihayo
Ezekiel, Moghusu
Philbert, Clouds
Andrew, Abaasa
author_facet John, Rubaihayo
Ezekiel, Moghusu
Philbert, Clouds
Andrew, Abaasa
author_sort John, Rubaihayo
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Contrary to previous reports which indicated no transmission of schistosomiasis at altitude >1,400 m above sea level in Uganda, in this study it has been established that schistosomiasis transmission can take place at an altitude range of 1487–1682 m above sea level in western Uganda. METHODS: An epidemiological survey of intestinal schistosomiasis was carried out in school children staying around 13 high altitude crater lakes in Western Uganda. Stool samples were collected and then processed with the Kato-Katz technique using 42 mg templates. Thereafter schistosome eggs were counted under a microscope and eggs per gram (epg) of stool calculated. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data and information on risk factors. RESULTS: 36.7% of the pupils studied used crater lakes as the main source of domestic water and the crater lakes studied were at altitude ranging from 1487–1682 m above sea level. 84.6% of the crater lakes studied were infective with over 50% of the users infected. The overall prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection was 27.8% (103/370) with stool egg load ranging from 24–6048 per gram of stool. 84.3%( 312) had light infections (<100 eggs/gm of stool), 10.8%( 40) had moderate infections (100–400 eggs/gm of stool) and 4.9% (18) had heavy infections (>400 egg/gm of stool). Prevalence was highest in the age group 12–14 years (49.5%) and geometric mean intensity was highest in the age group 9–11 years (238 epg). The prevalence and geometric mean intensity of infection among girls was lower (26%; 290 epg) compared to that of boys (29.6%; 463 epg) (t = 4.383, p < 0.05). Though 61%(225) of the pupils interviewed were aware of the existence of the disease, 78% (290)didn't know the mode of transmission and only 8% (30) of those found infected were aware of their infection status. In a multivariate logistic regression model, altitude and water source (crater lakes) were significantly associated with infection. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The altitudinal threshold for S. mansoni transmission in Uganda has changed and use of crater water at an altitude higher than 1,400 m above sea level poses a risk of acquiring S. mansoni infection in western Uganda. However, further research is required to establish whether the observed altitudinal threshold change is as a result of climate change or other factors. It is also necessary to establish the impact this could have on the epidemiology of schistosomiasis and other vector-borne diseases in Uganda. In addition, sensitisation and mass treatment of the affected community is urgently required.
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spelling pubmed-25185562008-08-21 Schistosomiasis transmission at high altitude crater lakes in Western Uganda John, Rubaihayo Ezekiel, Moghusu Philbert, Clouds Andrew, Abaasa BMC Infect Dis Research Article BACKGROUND: Contrary to previous reports which indicated no transmission of schistosomiasis at altitude >1,400 m above sea level in Uganda, in this study it has been established that schistosomiasis transmission can take place at an altitude range of 1487–1682 m above sea level in western Uganda. METHODS: An epidemiological survey of intestinal schistosomiasis was carried out in school children staying around 13 high altitude crater lakes in Western Uganda. Stool samples were collected and then processed with the Kato-Katz technique using 42 mg templates. Thereafter schistosome eggs were counted under a microscope and eggs per gram (epg) of stool calculated. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data and information on risk factors. RESULTS: 36.7% of the pupils studied used crater lakes as the main source of domestic water and the crater lakes studied were at altitude ranging from 1487–1682 m above sea level. 84.6% of the crater lakes studied were infective with over 50% of the users infected. The overall prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection was 27.8% (103/370) with stool egg load ranging from 24–6048 per gram of stool. 84.3%( 312) had light infections (<100 eggs/gm of stool), 10.8%( 40) had moderate infections (100–400 eggs/gm of stool) and 4.9% (18) had heavy infections (>400 egg/gm of stool). Prevalence was highest in the age group 12–14 years (49.5%) and geometric mean intensity was highest in the age group 9–11 years (238 epg). The prevalence and geometric mean intensity of infection among girls was lower (26%; 290 epg) compared to that of boys (29.6%; 463 epg) (t = 4.383, p < 0.05). Though 61%(225) of the pupils interviewed were aware of the existence of the disease, 78% (290)didn't know the mode of transmission and only 8% (30) of those found infected were aware of their infection status. In a multivariate logistic regression model, altitude and water source (crater lakes) were significantly associated with infection. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The altitudinal threshold for S. mansoni transmission in Uganda has changed and use of crater water at an altitude higher than 1,400 m above sea level poses a risk of acquiring S. mansoni infection in western Uganda. However, further research is required to establish whether the observed altitudinal threshold change is as a result of climate change or other factors. It is also necessary to establish the impact this could have on the epidemiology of schistosomiasis and other vector-borne diseases in Uganda. In addition, sensitisation and mass treatment of the affected community is urgently required. BioMed Central 2008-08-11 /pmc/articles/PMC2518556/ /pubmed/18694485 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-8-110 Text en Copyright © 2008 John et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Research Article
John, Rubaihayo
Ezekiel, Moghusu
Philbert, Clouds
Andrew, Abaasa
Schistosomiasis transmission at high altitude crater lakes in Western Uganda
title Schistosomiasis transmission at high altitude crater lakes in Western Uganda
title_full Schistosomiasis transmission at high altitude crater lakes in Western Uganda
title_fullStr Schistosomiasis transmission at high altitude crater lakes in Western Uganda
title_full_unstemmed Schistosomiasis transmission at high altitude crater lakes in Western Uganda
title_short Schistosomiasis transmission at high altitude crater lakes in Western Uganda
title_sort schistosomiasis transmission at high altitude crater lakes in western uganda
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2518556/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18694485
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-8-110
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