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Expression patterns of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) loci in human tissues and the need for a HERV Transcriptome Project
BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of the human genome is comprised of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). HERV transcripts are found in every human tissue. Expression of proviruses of the HERV-K(HML-2) family has been associated with development of human tumors, in particular germ cell tumors...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2008
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2525661/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18664271 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-354 |
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author | Flockerzi, Aline Ruggieri, Alessia Frank, Oliver Sauter, Marlies Maldener, Esther Kopper, Bernd Wullich, Bernd Seifarth, Wolfgang Müller-Lantzsch, Nikolaus Leib-Mösch, Christine Meese, Eckart Mayer, Jens |
author_facet | Flockerzi, Aline Ruggieri, Alessia Frank, Oliver Sauter, Marlies Maldener, Esther Kopper, Bernd Wullich, Bernd Seifarth, Wolfgang Müller-Lantzsch, Nikolaus Leib-Mösch, Christine Meese, Eckart Mayer, Jens |
author_sort | Flockerzi, Aline |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of the human genome is comprised of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). HERV transcripts are found in every human tissue. Expression of proviruses of the HERV-K(HML-2) family has been associated with development of human tumors, in particular germ cell tumors (GCT). Very little is known about transcriptional activity of individual HML-2 loci in human tissues, though. RESULTS: By employing private nucleotide differences between loci, we assigned ~1500 HML-2 cDNAs to individual HML-2 loci, identifying, in total, 23 transcriptionally active HML-2 proviruses. Several loci are active in various human tissue types. Transcription levels of some HML-2 loci appear higher than those of other loci. Several HML-2 Rec-encoding loci are expressed in GCT and non-GCT tissues. A provirus on chromosome 22q11.21 appears strongly upregulated in pathologic GCT tissues and may explain high HML-2 Gag protein levels in GCTs. Presence of Gag and Env antibodies in GCT patients is not correlated with activation of individual loci. HML-2 proviruses previously reported capable of forming an infectious HML-2 variant are transcriptionally active in germ cell tissue. Our study furthermore shows that Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) data are insufficient to describe transcriptional activity of HML-2 and other HERV loci in tissues of interest. CONCLUSION: Our, to date, largest-scale study reveals in greater detail expression patterns of individual HML-2 loci in human tissues of clinical interest. Moreover, large-scale, specialized studies are indicated to better comprehend transcriptional activity and regulation of HERVs. We thus emphasize the need for a specialized HERV Transcriptome Project. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-2525661 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2008 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-25256612008-08-27 Expression patterns of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) loci in human tissues and the need for a HERV Transcriptome Project Flockerzi, Aline Ruggieri, Alessia Frank, Oliver Sauter, Marlies Maldener, Esther Kopper, Bernd Wullich, Bernd Seifarth, Wolfgang Müller-Lantzsch, Nikolaus Leib-Mösch, Christine Meese, Eckart Mayer, Jens BMC Genomics Research Article BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of the human genome is comprised of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). HERV transcripts are found in every human tissue. Expression of proviruses of the HERV-K(HML-2) family has been associated with development of human tumors, in particular germ cell tumors (GCT). Very little is known about transcriptional activity of individual HML-2 loci in human tissues, though. RESULTS: By employing private nucleotide differences between loci, we assigned ~1500 HML-2 cDNAs to individual HML-2 loci, identifying, in total, 23 transcriptionally active HML-2 proviruses. Several loci are active in various human tissue types. Transcription levels of some HML-2 loci appear higher than those of other loci. Several HML-2 Rec-encoding loci are expressed in GCT and non-GCT tissues. A provirus on chromosome 22q11.21 appears strongly upregulated in pathologic GCT tissues and may explain high HML-2 Gag protein levels in GCTs. Presence of Gag and Env antibodies in GCT patients is not correlated with activation of individual loci. HML-2 proviruses previously reported capable of forming an infectious HML-2 variant are transcriptionally active in germ cell tissue. Our study furthermore shows that Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) data are insufficient to describe transcriptional activity of HML-2 and other HERV loci in tissues of interest. CONCLUSION: Our, to date, largest-scale study reveals in greater detail expression patterns of individual HML-2 loci in human tissues of clinical interest. Moreover, large-scale, specialized studies are indicated to better comprehend transcriptional activity and regulation of HERVs. We thus emphasize the need for a specialized HERV Transcriptome Project. BioMed Central 2008-07-29 /pmc/articles/PMC2525661/ /pubmed/18664271 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-354 Text en Copyright © 2008 Flockerzi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0) ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Flockerzi, Aline Ruggieri, Alessia Frank, Oliver Sauter, Marlies Maldener, Esther Kopper, Bernd Wullich, Bernd Seifarth, Wolfgang Müller-Lantzsch, Nikolaus Leib-Mösch, Christine Meese, Eckart Mayer, Jens Expression patterns of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) loci in human tissues and the need for a HERV Transcriptome Project |
title | Expression patterns of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) loci in human tissues and the need for a HERV Transcriptome Project |
title_full | Expression patterns of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) loci in human tissues and the need for a HERV Transcriptome Project |
title_fullStr | Expression patterns of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) loci in human tissues and the need for a HERV Transcriptome Project |
title_full_unstemmed | Expression patterns of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) loci in human tissues and the need for a HERV Transcriptome Project |
title_short | Expression patterns of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) loci in human tissues and the need for a HERV Transcriptome Project |
title_sort | expression patterns of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus herv-k(hml-2) loci in human tissues and the need for a herv transcriptome project |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2525661/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18664271 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-354 |
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