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Lead Exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: Implications for Prevention
OBJECTIVE: We reviewed the sources of lead in the environments of U.S. children, contributions to children’s blood lead levels, source elimination and control efforts, and existing federal authorities. Our context is the U.S. public health goal to eliminate pediatric elevated blood lead levels (EBLs...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
2008
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2569084/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18941567 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11241 |
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author | Levin, Ronnie Brown, Mary Jean Kashtock, Michael E. Jacobs, David E. Whelan, Elizabeth A. Rodman, Joanne Schock, Michael R. Padilla, Alma Sinks, Thomas |
author_facet | Levin, Ronnie Brown, Mary Jean Kashtock, Michael E. Jacobs, David E. Whelan, Elizabeth A. Rodman, Joanne Schock, Michael R. Padilla, Alma Sinks, Thomas |
author_sort | Levin, Ronnie |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVE: We reviewed the sources of lead in the environments of U.S. children, contributions to children’s blood lead levels, source elimination and control efforts, and existing federal authorities. Our context is the U.S. public health goal to eliminate pediatric elevated blood lead levels (EBLs) by 2010. DATA SOURCES: National, state, and local exposure assessments over the past half century have identified risk factors for EBLs among U.S. children, including age, race, income, age and location of housing, parental occupation, and season. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Recent national policies have greatly reduced lead exposure among U.S. children, but even very low exposure levels compromise children’s later intellectual development and lifetime achievement. No threshold for these effects has been demonstrated. Although lead paint and dust may still account for up to 70% of EBLs in U.S. children, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that ≥30% of current EBLs do not have an immediate lead paint source, and numerous studies indicate that lead exposures result from multiple sources. EBLs and even deaths have been associated with inadequately controlled sources including ethnic remedies and goods, consumer products, and food-related items such as ceramics. Lead in public drinking water and in older urban centers remain exposure sources in many areas. CONCLUSIONS: Achieving the 2010 goal requires maintaining current efforts, especially programs addressing lead paint, while developing interventions that prevent exposure before children are poisoned. It also requires active collaboration across all levels of government to identify and control all potential sources of lead exposure, as well as primary prevention. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-2569084 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2008 |
publisher | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-25690842008-10-21 Lead Exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: Implications for Prevention Levin, Ronnie Brown, Mary Jean Kashtock, Michael E. Jacobs, David E. Whelan, Elizabeth A. Rodman, Joanne Schock, Michael R. Padilla, Alma Sinks, Thomas Environ Health Perspect Review OBJECTIVE: We reviewed the sources of lead in the environments of U.S. children, contributions to children’s blood lead levels, source elimination and control efforts, and existing federal authorities. Our context is the U.S. public health goal to eliminate pediatric elevated blood lead levels (EBLs) by 2010. DATA SOURCES: National, state, and local exposure assessments over the past half century have identified risk factors for EBLs among U.S. children, including age, race, income, age and location of housing, parental occupation, and season. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Recent national policies have greatly reduced lead exposure among U.S. children, but even very low exposure levels compromise children’s later intellectual development and lifetime achievement. No threshold for these effects has been demonstrated. Although lead paint and dust may still account for up to 70% of EBLs in U.S. children, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that ≥30% of current EBLs do not have an immediate lead paint source, and numerous studies indicate that lead exposures result from multiple sources. EBLs and even deaths have been associated with inadequately controlled sources including ethnic remedies and goods, consumer products, and food-related items such as ceramics. Lead in public drinking water and in older urban centers remain exposure sources in many areas. CONCLUSIONS: Achieving the 2010 goal requires maintaining current efforts, especially programs addressing lead paint, while developing interventions that prevent exposure before children are poisoned. It also requires active collaboration across all levels of government to identify and control all potential sources of lead exposure, as well as primary prevention. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 2008-10 2008-05-19 /pmc/articles/PMC2569084/ /pubmed/18941567 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11241 Text en http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, ?Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives?); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright. |
spellingShingle | Review Levin, Ronnie Brown, Mary Jean Kashtock, Michael E. Jacobs, David E. Whelan, Elizabeth A. Rodman, Joanne Schock, Michael R. Padilla, Alma Sinks, Thomas Lead Exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: Implications for Prevention |
title | Lead Exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: Implications for Prevention |
title_full | Lead Exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: Implications for Prevention |
title_fullStr | Lead Exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: Implications for Prevention |
title_full_unstemmed | Lead Exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: Implications for Prevention |
title_short | Lead Exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: Implications for Prevention |
title_sort | lead exposures in u.s. children, 2008: implications for prevention |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2569084/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18941567 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11241 |
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