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Toll-Like Receptors and Viruses: Induction of Innate Antiviral Immune Responses
Induction of antiviral innate immune responses depends on a family of innate immune receptors, the Toll-like receptors (TLR). TLR mediate the antiviral immune responses by recognizing virus infection, activating signaling pathways and inducing the production of antiviral cytokines and chemokines. ss...
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Bentham Open
2008
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2593046/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19088911 http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285800802010049 |
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author | Xagorari, Angeliki Chlichlia, Katerina |
author_facet | Xagorari, Angeliki Chlichlia, Katerina |
author_sort | Xagorari, Angeliki |
collection | PubMed |
description | Induction of antiviral innate immune responses depends on a family of innate immune receptors, the Toll-like receptors (TLR). TLR mediate the antiviral immune responses by recognizing virus infection, activating signaling pathways and inducing the production of antiviral cytokines and chemokines. ssRNA and dsRNA viruses can be recognized by TLR7/8 and TLR3, respectively. TLR receptors are also involved in the recognition of viruses containing genomes rich in CpG DNA motifs as well as envelope glycoproteins. Cytoplasmic recognition of dsRNA by RNA helicases such as RIG-I and MDA5 provides another means of recognizing viral nucleic acid. In order to counteract the innate host immune system viruses evolved mechanisms that block recognition and signaling through pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs and RNA helicases. Recently, TLR agonists represent a promising approach for the treatment of infectious diseases. This review will focus on the current knowledge of TLR-mediated immune responses to several viral infections. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-2593046 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2008 |
publisher | Bentham Open |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-25930462008-12-16 Toll-Like Receptors and Viruses: Induction of Innate Antiviral Immune Responses Xagorari, Angeliki Chlichlia, Katerina Open Microbiol J Article Induction of antiviral innate immune responses depends on a family of innate immune receptors, the Toll-like receptors (TLR). TLR mediate the antiviral immune responses by recognizing virus infection, activating signaling pathways and inducing the production of antiviral cytokines and chemokines. ssRNA and dsRNA viruses can be recognized by TLR7/8 and TLR3, respectively. TLR receptors are also involved in the recognition of viruses containing genomes rich in CpG DNA motifs as well as envelope glycoproteins. Cytoplasmic recognition of dsRNA by RNA helicases such as RIG-I and MDA5 provides another means of recognizing viral nucleic acid. In order to counteract the innate host immune system viruses evolved mechanisms that block recognition and signaling through pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs and RNA helicases. Recently, TLR agonists represent a promising approach for the treatment of infectious diseases. This review will focus on the current knowledge of TLR-mediated immune responses to several viral infections. Bentham Open 2008-05-14 /pmc/articles/PMC2593046/ /pubmed/19088911 http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285800802010049 Text en © Xagorari and Chlichlia; Licensee Bentham Open http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/), which permits unrestrictive use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Article Xagorari, Angeliki Chlichlia, Katerina Toll-Like Receptors and Viruses: Induction of Innate Antiviral Immune Responses |
title | Toll-Like Receptors and Viruses: Induction of Innate Antiviral Immune Responses |
title_full | Toll-Like Receptors and Viruses: Induction of Innate Antiviral Immune Responses |
title_fullStr | Toll-Like Receptors and Viruses: Induction of Innate Antiviral Immune Responses |
title_full_unstemmed | Toll-Like Receptors and Viruses: Induction of Innate Antiviral Immune Responses |
title_short | Toll-Like Receptors and Viruses: Induction of Innate Antiviral Immune Responses |
title_sort | toll-like receptors and viruses: induction of innate antiviral immune responses |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2593046/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19088911 http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285800802010049 |
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