β-Cell Autoimmunity in Pediatric Celiac Disease: The Case for Routine Screening?

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the prevalence of β-cell autoimmunity and the usefulness of a type 1 diabetes screening in patients with celiac disease. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We measured GAD antibodies (GADAs), insulinoma-associated protein 2 antigens (IA-2As), and insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) in 188 young Italian patients with celiac disease (66 male [35.1%]). Mean age at celiac disease diagnosis was 5.4 years (0.5–17.1), and mean celiac disease duration was 4.2 years (0–28.8). Celiac disease was diagnosed by jejunal biopsy after positivity for endomysial and tissue transglutaminase antibody was confirmed. RESULTS—GADAs were positive in seven patients (3.7%), and IA-2As were positive in two patients. IAAs were negative in all cases. Metabolic evaluation was normal, and no patients developed diabetes during follow-up. There was no significant association among β-cell autoimmunity and sex, age, pubertal stage, family history, or coexistence of other autoimmune disorders; compliance to a gluten-free diet was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS—Our results showed a low prevalence of β-cell autoimmunity and do not support a precocious screening for β-cell autoimmunity in young celiac disease patients.