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Pre-Columbian Origins for North American Anthrax
Disease introduction into the New World during colonial expansion is well documented and had a major impact on indigenous populations; however, few diseases have been associated with early human migrations into North America. During the late Pleistocene epoch, Asia and North America were joined by t...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Public Library of Science
2009
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653229/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19283072 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004813 |
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author | Kenefic, Leo J. Pearson, Talima Okinaka, Richard T. Schupp, James M. Wagner, David M. Ravel, Jacques Hoffmaster, Alex R. Trim, Carla P. Chung, Wai-Kwan Beaudry, Jodi A. Foster, Jeffrey T. Mead, James I. Keim, Paul |
author_facet | Kenefic, Leo J. Pearson, Talima Okinaka, Richard T. Schupp, James M. Wagner, David M. Ravel, Jacques Hoffmaster, Alex R. Trim, Carla P. Chung, Wai-Kwan Beaudry, Jodi A. Foster, Jeffrey T. Mead, James I. Keim, Paul |
author_sort | Kenefic, Leo J. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Disease introduction into the New World during colonial expansion is well documented and had a major impact on indigenous populations; however, few diseases have been associated with early human migrations into North America. During the late Pleistocene epoch, Asia and North America were joined by the Beringian Steppe ecosystem which allowed animals and humans to freely cross what would become a water barrier in the Holocene. Anthrax has clearly been shown to be dispersed by human commerce and trade in animal products contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores. Humans appear to have brought B. anthracis to this area from Asia and then moved it further south as an ice-free corridor opened in central Canada ∼13,000 ybp. In this study, we have defined the evolutionary history of Western North American (WNA) anthrax using 2,850 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 285 geographically diverse B. anthracis isolates. Phylogeography of the major WNA B. anthracis clone reveals ancestral populations in northern Canada with progressively derived populations to the south; the most recent ancestor of this clonal lineage is in Eurasia. Our phylogeographic patterns are consistent with B. anthracis arriving with humans via the Bering Land Bridge. This northern-origin hypothesis is highly consistent with our phylogeographic patterns and rates of SNP accumulation observed in current day B. anthracis isolates. Continent-wide dispersal of WNA B. anthracis likely required movement by later European colonizers, but the continent's first inhabitants may have seeded the initial North American populations. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-2653229 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2009 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-26532292009-03-13 Pre-Columbian Origins for North American Anthrax Kenefic, Leo J. Pearson, Talima Okinaka, Richard T. Schupp, James M. Wagner, David M. Ravel, Jacques Hoffmaster, Alex R. Trim, Carla P. Chung, Wai-Kwan Beaudry, Jodi A. Foster, Jeffrey T. Mead, James I. Keim, Paul PLoS One Research Article Disease introduction into the New World during colonial expansion is well documented and had a major impact on indigenous populations; however, few diseases have been associated with early human migrations into North America. During the late Pleistocene epoch, Asia and North America were joined by the Beringian Steppe ecosystem which allowed animals and humans to freely cross what would become a water barrier in the Holocene. Anthrax has clearly been shown to be dispersed by human commerce and trade in animal products contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores. Humans appear to have brought B. anthracis to this area from Asia and then moved it further south as an ice-free corridor opened in central Canada ∼13,000 ybp. In this study, we have defined the evolutionary history of Western North American (WNA) anthrax using 2,850 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 285 geographically diverse B. anthracis isolates. Phylogeography of the major WNA B. anthracis clone reveals ancestral populations in northern Canada with progressively derived populations to the south; the most recent ancestor of this clonal lineage is in Eurasia. Our phylogeographic patterns are consistent with B. anthracis arriving with humans via the Bering Land Bridge. This northern-origin hypothesis is highly consistent with our phylogeographic patterns and rates of SNP accumulation observed in current day B. anthracis isolates. Continent-wide dispersal of WNA B. anthracis likely required movement by later European colonizers, but the continent's first inhabitants may have seeded the initial North American populations. Public Library of Science 2009-03-13 /pmc/articles/PMC2653229/ /pubmed/19283072 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004813 Text en This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration, which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Kenefic, Leo J. Pearson, Talima Okinaka, Richard T. Schupp, James M. Wagner, David M. Ravel, Jacques Hoffmaster, Alex R. Trim, Carla P. Chung, Wai-Kwan Beaudry, Jodi A. Foster, Jeffrey T. Mead, James I. Keim, Paul Pre-Columbian Origins for North American Anthrax |
title | Pre-Columbian Origins for North American Anthrax |
title_full | Pre-Columbian Origins for North American Anthrax |
title_fullStr | Pre-Columbian Origins for North American Anthrax |
title_full_unstemmed | Pre-Columbian Origins for North American Anthrax |
title_short | Pre-Columbian Origins for North American Anthrax |
title_sort | pre-columbian origins for north american anthrax |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653229/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19283072 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004813 |
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