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Immunotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer: Current and Future Considerations
Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are at considerable risk for death, with 5-year relative survival rates of approximately 60%. The profound multifaceted deficiencies in cell-mediated immunity that persist in most patients after treatment may be related to the high rates of...
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Hindawi Publishing Corporation
2009
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723756/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19680453 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/346345 |
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author | Rapidis, Alexander D. Wolf, Gregory T. |
author_facet | Rapidis, Alexander D. Wolf, Gregory T. |
author_sort | Rapidis, Alexander D. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are at considerable risk for death, with 5-year relative survival rates of approximately 60%. The profound multifaceted deficiencies in cell-mediated immunity that persist in most patients after treatment may be related to the high rates of treatment failure and second primary malignancies. Radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy commonly have severe acute and long-term side effects on immune responses. The development of immunotherapies reflects growing awareness that certain immune system deficiencies specific to HNSCC and some other cancers may contribute to the poor long-term outcomes. Systemic cell-mediated immunotherapy is intended to activate the entire immune system and mount a systemic and/or locoregional antitumor response. The delivery of cytokines, either by single cytokines, for example, interleukin-2, interleukin-12, interferon-γ, interferon-α, or by a biologic mix of multiple cytokines, such as IRX-2, may result in tumor rejection and durable immune responses. Targeted immunotherapy makes use of monoclonal antibodies or vaccines. All immunotherapies for HNSCC except cetuximab remain investigational, but a number of agents whose efficacy and tolerability are promising have entered phase 2 or phase 3 development. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-2723756 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2009 |
publisher | Hindawi Publishing Corporation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-27237562009-08-13 Immunotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer: Current and Future Considerations Rapidis, Alexander D. Wolf, Gregory T. J Oncol Review Article Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are at considerable risk for death, with 5-year relative survival rates of approximately 60%. The profound multifaceted deficiencies in cell-mediated immunity that persist in most patients after treatment may be related to the high rates of treatment failure and second primary malignancies. Radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy commonly have severe acute and long-term side effects on immune responses. The development of immunotherapies reflects growing awareness that certain immune system deficiencies specific to HNSCC and some other cancers may contribute to the poor long-term outcomes. Systemic cell-mediated immunotherapy is intended to activate the entire immune system and mount a systemic and/or locoregional antitumor response. The delivery of cytokines, either by single cytokines, for example, interleukin-2, interleukin-12, interferon-γ, interferon-α, or by a biologic mix of multiple cytokines, such as IRX-2, may result in tumor rejection and durable immune responses. Targeted immunotherapy makes use of monoclonal antibodies or vaccines. All immunotherapies for HNSCC except cetuximab remain investigational, but a number of agents whose efficacy and tolerability are promising have entered phase 2 or phase 3 development. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2009 2009-08-09 /pmc/articles/PMC2723756/ /pubmed/19680453 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/346345 Text en Copyright © 2009 A. D. Rapidis and G. T. Wolf. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Rapidis, Alexander D. Wolf, Gregory T. Immunotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer: Current and Future Considerations |
title | Immunotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer: Current and Future Considerations |
title_full | Immunotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer: Current and Future Considerations |
title_fullStr | Immunotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer: Current and Future Considerations |
title_full_unstemmed | Immunotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer: Current and Future Considerations |
title_short | Immunotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer: Current and Future Considerations |
title_sort | immunotherapy of head and neck cancer: current and future considerations |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723756/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19680453 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/346345 |
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