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Ghrelin in Central Neurons

Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide synthesized by endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa, is released in the bloodstream in response to a negative energetic status. Since discovery, the hypothalamus was identified as the main source of ghrelin in the CNS, and effects of the peptide have been mainly obser...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Ferrini, F, Salio, C, Lossi, L, Merighi, A
Formato: Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. 2009
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2724662/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19721816
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157015909787602779
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author Ferrini, F
Salio, C
Lossi, L
Merighi, A
author_facet Ferrini, F
Salio, C
Lossi, L
Merighi, A
author_sort Ferrini, F
collection PubMed
description Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide synthesized by endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa, is released in the bloodstream in response to a negative energetic status. Since discovery, the hypothalamus was identified as the main source of ghrelin in the CNS, and effects of the peptide have been mainly observed in this area of the brain. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have reported ghrelin synthesis and effects in specific populations of neurons also outside the hypothalamus. Thus, ghrelin activity has been described in midbrain, hindbrain, hippocampus, and spinal cord. The spectrum of functions and biological effects produced by the peptide on central neurons is remarkably wide and complex. It ranges from modulation of membrane excitability, to control of neurotransmitter release, neuronal gene expression, and neuronal survival and proliferation. There is not at present a general consensus concerning the source of ghrelin acting on central neurons. Whereas it is widely accepted that the hypothalamus represents the most important endogenous source of the hormone in CNS, the existence of extra-hypothalamic ghrelin-synthesizing neurons is still controversial. In addition, circulating ghrelin can theoretically be another natural ligand for central ghrelin receptors. This paper gives an overview on the distribution of ghrelin and its receptor across the CNS and critically analyses the data available so far as regarding the effects of ghrelin on central neurotransmission.
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spelling pubmed-27246622009-09-01 Ghrelin in Central Neurons Ferrini, F Salio, C Lossi, L Merighi, A Curr Neuropharmacol Article Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide synthesized by endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa, is released in the bloodstream in response to a negative energetic status. Since discovery, the hypothalamus was identified as the main source of ghrelin in the CNS, and effects of the peptide have been mainly observed in this area of the brain. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have reported ghrelin synthesis and effects in specific populations of neurons also outside the hypothalamus. Thus, ghrelin activity has been described in midbrain, hindbrain, hippocampus, and spinal cord. The spectrum of functions and biological effects produced by the peptide on central neurons is remarkably wide and complex. It ranges from modulation of membrane excitability, to control of neurotransmitter release, neuronal gene expression, and neuronal survival and proliferation. There is not at present a general consensus concerning the source of ghrelin acting on central neurons. Whereas it is widely accepted that the hypothalamus represents the most important endogenous source of the hormone in CNS, the existence of extra-hypothalamic ghrelin-synthesizing neurons is still controversial. In addition, circulating ghrelin can theoretically be another natural ligand for central ghrelin receptors. This paper gives an overview on the distribution of ghrelin and its receptor across the CNS and critically analyses the data available so far as regarding the effects of ghrelin on central neurotransmission. Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. 2009-03 /pmc/articles/PMC2724662/ /pubmed/19721816 http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157015909787602779 Text en ©2009 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/) which permits unrestrictive use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Article
Ferrini, F
Salio, C
Lossi, L
Merighi, A
Ghrelin in Central Neurons
title Ghrelin in Central Neurons
title_full Ghrelin in Central Neurons
title_fullStr Ghrelin in Central Neurons
title_full_unstemmed Ghrelin in Central Neurons
title_short Ghrelin in Central Neurons
title_sort ghrelin in central neurons
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2724662/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19721816
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157015909787602779
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