Microalbuminuria and Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction Are Independently Associated With Cardiovascular Mortality: Evidence for Distinct Pathways: The Hoorn Study

OBJECTIVE: Microalbuminuria is associated with cardiovascular mortality, particularly among individuals with type 2 diabetes, but the mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood. Microalbuminuria is known to be associated with cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (C-AD), and C-AD in turn is associated with cardiovascular mortality. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate whether C-AD can explain the relationship between microalbuminuria and cardiovascular mortality. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 490 individuals from a population-based cohort of individuals aged 50–75 years who were followed for a median period of 13.6 years. Microalbuminuria was defined as an albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥2.0 mg/mmol in an early-morning spot-urine sample. Ten parameters reflecting different aspects of cardiovascular autonomic function were measured and compiled into a total score of C-AD (mean of separate z scores). The association between C-AD and microalbuminuria was estimated by multiple linear regression, and relative risks (RRs) for cardiovascular mortality were estimated by Cox proportional hazards analyses. RESULTS: After adjustments for age, sex, glucose tolerance status, and other risk factors, C-AD was associated with microalbuminuria (β = 0.16 [95% CI 0.01–0.33]), and both microalbuminuria (RR 2.09 [1.07–4.08]) and C-AD (1.74 [1.04–2.89]) were associated with cardiovascular mortality. These associations did not change after further mutual adjustment for C-AD (2.13 [1.09–4.17]) or microalbuminuria (1.76 [1.05–2.94]), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both microalbuminuria and C-AD are independently associated with cardiovascular mortality, and the excess mortality attributable to microalbuminuria cannot be explained by C-AD.