Hypoxia reduces TGFβ1-induced corneal keratocyte myofibroblast transformation

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether transient hypoxia had an effect on transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-induced rabbit corneal keratocyte myofibroblast transformation. METHODS: Primary isolated rabbit corneal keratocytes were cultured in a serum-free medium. The effect of transient hypoxia treatment (1% oxygen, 4 h/day) on TGFβ1 (5 ng/ml)-induced α-smooth muscle actin (α-SM actin) expression was examined by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry 72 h after treatment. We found that hypoxia treatment significantly reduced the myofibroblast phenotype and α-SM actin expression that was induced by TGFβ1. To explore the possible mechanism for this effect, we screened for the effects of hypoxia on several early TGFβ-dependent signaling events including activated pSmad3, CREB (cAMP response element binding) binding protein (CBP), MAPKs (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), and RhoA by co-immunoprecipitation and western blotting. RESULTS: Hypoxia alone increased α-SM actin expression and the association of pSmad3 to CBP, but it did not induce the myofibroblast phenotype. The levels of pERK (the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) and pSmad3 or the extent of the interaction between pSmad3 and CBP induced by TGFβ1 were not affected by hypoxia whereas the activation of RhoA induced by TGFβ1 was significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that hypoxia can inhibit TGFβ1-induced corneal myofibroblast transformation and α-SM actin expression. Our data show that this inhibition does not occur by altering Smads or MAPK signaling but possibly by reducing the early activation of RhoA.