The RNA-binding Protein KSRP Promotes the Biogenesis of a Subset of miRNAs

Consistent with the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in down-regulating gene expression by reducing translation and/or stability of target mRNAs1, the levels of specific miRNAs are important for correct embryonic development and have been linked to several forms of cancer2-4. However, the regulatory mechanisms by which primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) are processed first to precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) and then to mature miRNAs by the multiprotein Drosha and Dicer complexes5-8, respectively, remain largely unknown. The KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) interacts with single strand AU-rich elements (ARE)-containing mRNAs and is a key mediator of mRNA decay9,10. Here, we show that KSRP also serves as a component of both Drosha and Dicer complexes and regulates the biogenesis of a subset of miRNAs. KSRP binds with high affinity to the terminal loop (TL) of the target miRNA precursors and promotes their maturation. This mechanism is required for specific changes in target mRNA expression that affects specific biological programs, including proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. These findings reveal an unexpected mechanism that links KSRP to the machinery regulating maturation of a cohort of miRNAs, that, in addition to its role in promoting mRNA decay, independently serves to integrate specific regulatory programs of protein expression.