A comparative study of three methods for detecting association of quantitative traits in samples of related subjects

We used Genetic Analysis Workshop 16 Problem 3 Framingham Heart Study simulated data set to compare methods for association analysis of quantitative traits in related individuals. More specifically, we investigated type I error and relative power of three approaches: the measured genotype, the quantitative transmission-disequilibrium test (QTDT), and the quantitative trait linkage-disequilibrium (QTLD) tests. We studied high-density lipoprotein and triglyceride (TG) lipid variables, as measured at Visit 1. Knowing the answers, we selected three true major genes for high-density lipoprotein and/or TG. Empirical distributions of the three association models were derived from the first 100 replicates. In these data, all three models were similar in error rates. Across the three association models, the power was the lowest for the functional SNP with smallest size effects (i.e., α2), and for the less heritable trait (i.e., TG). Our results showed that measured genotype outperformed the two orthogonal-based association models (QTLD, QTDT), even after accounting for population stratification. QTDT had the lowest power rates. This is consistent with the amount of marker and trait data used by each association model. While the effective sample sizes varied little across our tested variants, we observed some large power drops and marked differences in performances of the models. We found that the performances contrasted the most for the tightly linked, but not associated, functional variants.