The “Glutamate Switch” : a link between ATPase activity and ligand binding in AAA+ proteins

AAA+ proteins carry out diverse functions in cells. In most cases, their ATPase activity is very tightly regulated by protein partners and target ligands but the mechanism for this control has remained unclear. We have identified a conserved link between the ligand binding and ATPase sites in AAA+ proteins. This link, which we call the “Glutamate Switch”, regulates ATPase activity directly in response to binding of target ligands by controlling the orientation of the conserved glutamate residue in the DExx motif, switching it between active and inactive conformations. The reasons for this level of control of the ATPase activity are discussed in the context of the biological processes catalysed by AAA+ proteins.