Is voiding cystourethrogram necessary in all cases of antenatal hydronephrosis?

Hydronephrosis is the most common genitourinary anomaly as detected on obstetric ultrasonography and the incidence of associated vesicoureteral reflux is around 10–12%. There is inconsistency in the literature regarding which child should under go a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) in cases of antenatal hydronephrosis (AHN). Besides, there is a scarcity of prospective studies to demonstrate the risk of varying degree of AHN, associated reflux and their long-term impact on the kidneys. The present analysis suggests that children with AHN should undergo an ultrasound within the first month of life and further course of action should be decided on the basis of the individual case. Children with persistent moderate to severe AHN should undergo a VCUG and a functional study.