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Impact of naturally spawning captive-bred Atlantic salmon on wild populations: depressed recruitment and increased risk of climate-mediated extinction

The assessment report of the 4th International Panel on Climate Change confirms that global warming is strongly affecting biological systems and that 20–30% of species risk extinction from projected future increases in temperature. It is essential that any measures taken to conserve individual speci...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: McGinnity, Philip, Jennings, Eleanor, deEyto, Elvira, Allott, Norman, Samuelsson, Patrick, Rogan, Gerard, Whelan, Ken, Cross, Tom
Formato: Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: The Royal Society 2009
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817300/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19640880
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0799
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author McGinnity, Philip
Jennings, Eleanor
deEyto, Elvira
Allott, Norman
Samuelsson, Patrick
Rogan, Gerard
Whelan, Ken
Cross, Tom
author_facet McGinnity, Philip
Jennings, Eleanor
deEyto, Elvira
Allott, Norman
Samuelsson, Patrick
Rogan, Gerard
Whelan, Ken
Cross, Tom
author_sort McGinnity, Philip
collection PubMed
description The assessment report of the 4th International Panel on Climate Change confirms that global warming is strongly affecting biological systems and that 20–30% of species risk extinction from projected future increases in temperature. It is essential that any measures taken to conserve individual species and their constituent populations against climate-mediated declines are appropriate. The release of captive bred animals to augment wild populations is a widespread management strategy for many species but has proven controversial. Using a regression model based on a 37-year study of wild and sea ranched Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) spawning together in the wild, we show that the escape of captive bred animals into the wild can substantially depress recruitment and more specifically disrupt the capacity of natural populations to adapt to higher winter water temperatures associated with climate variability. We speculate the mechanisms underlying this seasonal response and suggest that an explanation based on bio-energetic processes with physiological responses synchronized by photoperiod is plausible. Furthermore, we predict, by running the model forward using projected future climate scenarios, that these cultured fish substantially increase the risk of extinction for the studied population within 20 generations. In contrast, we show that positive outcomes to climate change are possible if captive bred animals are prevented from breeding in the wild. Rather than imposing an additional genetic load on wild populations by releasing maladapted captive bred animals, we propose that conservation efforts should focus on optimizing conditions for adaptation to occur by reducing exploitation and protecting critical habitats. Our findings are likely to hold true for most poikilothermic species where captive breeding programmes are used in population management.
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spelling pubmed-28173002010-02-18 Impact of naturally spawning captive-bred Atlantic salmon on wild populations: depressed recruitment and increased risk of climate-mediated extinction McGinnity, Philip Jennings, Eleanor deEyto, Elvira Allott, Norman Samuelsson, Patrick Rogan, Gerard Whelan, Ken Cross, Tom Proc Biol Sci Research articles The assessment report of the 4th International Panel on Climate Change confirms that global warming is strongly affecting biological systems and that 20–30% of species risk extinction from projected future increases in temperature. It is essential that any measures taken to conserve individual species and their constituent populations against climate-mediated declines are appropriate. The release of captive bred animals to augment wild populations is a widespread management strategy for many species but has proven controversial. Using a regression model based on a 37-year study of wild and sea ranched Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) spawning together in the wild, we show that the escape of captive bred animals into the wild can substantially depress recruitment and more specifically disrupt the capacity of natural populations to adapt to higher winter water temperatures associated with climate variability. We speculate the mechanisms underlying this seasonal response and suggest that an explanation based on bio-energetic processes with physiological responses synchronized by photoperiod is plausible. Furthermore, we predict, by running the model forward using projected future climate scenarios, that these cultured fish substantially increase the risk of extinction for the studied population within 20 generations. In contrast, we show that positive outcomes to climate change are possible if captive bred animals are prevented from breeding in the wild. Rather than imposing an additional genetic load on wild populations by releasing maladapted captive bred animals, we propose that conservation efforts should focus on optimizing conditions for adaptation to occur by reducing exploitation and protecting critical habitats. Our findings are likely to hold true for most poikilothermic species where captive breeding programmes are used in population management. The Royal Society 2009-10-22 2009-07-29 /pmc/articles/PMC2817300/ /pubmed/19640880 http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0799 Text en © 2009 The Royal Society http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Research articles
McGinnity, Philip
Jennings, Eleanor
deEyto, Elvira
Allott, Norman
Samuelsson, Patrick
Rogan, Gerard
Whelan, Ken
Cross, Tom
Impact of naturally spawning captive-bred Atlantic salmon on wild populations: depressed recruitment and increased risk of climate-mediated extinction
title Impact of naturally spawning captive-bred Atlantic salmon on wild populations: depressed recruitment and increased risk of climate-mediated extinction
title_full Impact of naturally spawning captive-bred Atlantic salmon on wild populations: depressed recruitment and increased risk of climate-mediated extinction
title_fullStr Impact of naturally spawning captive-bred Atlantic salmon on wild populations: depressed recruitment and increased risk of climate-mediated extinction
title_full_unstemmed Impact of naturally spawning captive-bred Atlantic salmon on wild populations: depressed recruitment and increased risk of climate-mediated extinction
title_short Impact of naturally spawning captive-bred Atlantic salmon on wild populations: depressed recruitment and increased risk of climate-mediated extinction
title_sort impact of naturally spawning captive-bred atlantic salmon on wild populations: depressed recruitment and increased risk of climate-mediated extinction
topic Research articles
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817300/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19640880
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0799
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