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A glycine receptor is involved in the organization of swimming movements in an invertebrate chordate
BACKGROUND: Rhythmic motor patterns for locomotion in vertebrates are generated in spinal cord neural networks known as spinal Central Pattern Generators (CPGs). A key element in pattern generation is the role of glycinergic synaptic transmission by interneurons that cross the cord midline and inhib...
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2010
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2822779/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20085645 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-11-6 |
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author | Nishino, Atsuo Okamura, Yasushi Piscopo, Stefania Brown, Euan R |
author_facet | Nishino, Atsuo Okamura, Yasushi Piscopo, Stefania Brown, Euan R |
author_sort | Nishino, Atsuo |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Rhythmic motor patterns for locomotion in vertebrates are generated in spinal cord neural networks known as spinal Central Pattern Generators (CPGs). A key element in pattern generation is the role of glycinergic synaptic transmission by interneurons that cross the cord midline and inhibit contralaterally-located excitatory neurons. The glycinergic inhibitory drive permits alternating and precisely timed motor output during locomotion such as walking or swimming. To understand better the evolution of this system we examined the physiology of the neural network controlling swimming in an invertebrate chordate relative of vertebrates, the ascidian larva Ciona intestinalis. RESULTS: A reduced preparation of the larva consisting of nerve cord and motor ganglion generates alternating swimming movements. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of glycine receptors shows that they are implicated in the control of these locomotory movements. Morphological molecular techniques and heterologous expression experiments revealed that glycine receptors are inhibitory and are present on both motoneurones and locomotory muscle while putative glycinergic interneurons were identified in the nerve cord by labeling with an anti-glycine antibody. CONCLUSIONS: In Ciona intestinalis, glycine receptors, glycinergic transmission and putative glycinergic interneurons, have a key role in coordinating swimming movements through a simple CPG that is present in the motor ganglion and nerve cord. Thus, the strong association between glycine receptors and vertebrate locomotory networks may now be extended to include the phylum chordata. The results suggest that the basic network for 'spinal-like' locomotion is likely to have existed in the common ancestor of extant chordates some 650 M years ago. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-2822779 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2010 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-28227792010-02-17 A glycine receptor is involved in the organization of swimming movements in an invertebrate chordate Nishino, Atsuo Okamura, Yasushi Piscopo, Stefania Brown, Euan R BMC Neurosci Research article BACKGROUND: Rhythmic motor patterns for locomotion in vertebrates are generated in spinal cord neural networks known as spinal Central Pattern Generators (CPGs). A key element in pattern generation is the role of glycinergic synaptic transmission by interneurons that cross the cord midline and inhibit contralaterally-located excitatory neurons. The glycinergic inhibitory drive permits alternating and precisely timed motor output during locomotion such as walking or swimming. To understand better the evolution of this system we examined the physiology of the neural network controlling swimming in an invertebrate chordate relative of vertebrates, the ascidian larva Ciona intestinalis. RESULTS: A reduced preparation of the larva consisting of nerve cord and motor ganglion generates alternating swimming movements. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of glycine receptors shows that they are implicated in the control of these locomotory movements. Morphological molecular techniques and heterologous expression experiments revealed that glycine receptors are inhibitory and are present on both motoneurones and locomotory muscle while putative glycinergic interneurons were identified in the nerve cord by labeling with an anti-glycine antibody. CONCLUSIONS: In Ciona intestinalis, glycine receptors, glycinergic transmission and putative glycinergic interneurons, have a key role in coordinating swimming movements through a simple CPG that is present in the motor ganglion and nerve cord. Thus, the strong association between glycine receptors and vertebrate locomotory networks may now be extended to include the phylum chordata. The results suggest that the basic network for 'spinal-like' locomotion is likely to have existed in the common ancestor of extant chordates some 650 M years ago. BioMed Central 2010-01-19 /pmc/articles/PMC2822779/ /pubmed/20085645 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-11-6 Text en Copyright ©2010 Nishino et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research article Nishino, Atsuo Okamura, Yasushi Piscopo, Stefania Brown, Euan R A glycine receptor is involved in the organization of swimming movements in an invertebrate chordate |
title | A glycine receptor is involved in the organization of swimming movements in an invertebrate chordate |
title_full | A glycine receptor is involved in the organization of swimming movements in an invertebrate chordate |
title_fullStr | A glycine receptor is involved in the organization of swimming movements in an invertebrate chordate |
title_full_unstemmed | A glycine receptor is involved in the organization of swimming movements in an invertebrate chordate |
title_short | A glycine receptor is involved in the organization of swimming movements in an invertebrate chordate |
title_sort | glycine receptor is involved in the organization of swimming movements in an invertebrate chordate |
topic | Research article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2822779/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20085645 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-11-6 |
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